Vulnerability of Protoxylem and Metaxylem Vessels to Embolisms and Radial Refilling in a Vascular Bundle of Maize Leaves

Hwang, Bae Geun; Ryu, Jeongeun; Lee, Sang Joon

doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00941

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…2) then allow to see that the air-liquid interfaces are significantly curved with a contact angle around 30°. Such a shape is consistent with the observation of menisci in leave vessels [15,16]. The point is that with such wetting properties, we would expect an imbibition dynamics much faster than observed for the standard (longitudinal) imbibition tests (cf.…”

Section: B Imbibition By Propagation Of Planar Air-liquid Interfacessupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The NMR profiling sequence utilized in this study was a 1D spin-echo sequence using a space encoding gradient in the vertical direction, where the echo is actually repeated 16 times as a series following π/2 − grad − (π − grad) 16 with a regular inter-echo delay TE. The NMR signal owing to each echo was recorded by means of a 32 steps duplex cogwheel phase cycling scheme [48].…”

Section: D Imaging Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the permeability, although in principle an intrinsic parameter, was found to vary with the sample length [10][11][12][13][14], which suggests that some effect might affect the basic liquid transport in wood. Moreover, it was shown that subtle hydraulic mechanisms between adjacent vessels can foster water refilling in embolized xylems vessels [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wetting enhanced by water adsorption in hygroscopic plantlike materials

Zhou

Caré

King

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. Research

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Water inside hygroscopic porous media such as plantlike systems can be found either freely penetrating in capillaries or absorbed into the solid phase (bound water). Here we demonstrate that the wetting properties (contact angle) of liquid along cell walls significantly depend on the amount of bound water absorbed: a change from poor to good wetting is observed when cell walls are saturated with bound water, which allows liquid displacement. We further show that this process is operative in hydrogels, suggesting that this might be a general property of porous hygroscopic systems. As a consequence, imbibition dynamics is controlled by water adsorption and diffusion in the walls, and even if the dynamics of capillary imbibition is strongly damped (by several orders of magnitude), water can freely climb over significant heights as long as sufficient water has been adsorbed into cell walls or in other hygroscopic walls. Under these conditions, the imbibition process in such systems is not described by the standard model but is analogous to the propagation of a front of solidification in a liquid. This process might contribute to the regulation of water absorption in unsaturated wood, allowing it to store available bound water in progressively higher depths, instead of leaving free water rapidly flow through it. Such a mechanism may be explored to design porous materials with tunable liquid adsorption timings for pharmaceutical or chemical engineering applications.

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Section: B Imbibition By Propagation Of Planar Air-liquid Interfacessupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: D Imaging Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Wetting enhanced by water adsorption in hygroscopic plantlike materials

Zhou

Caré

King

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. Research

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show abstract

“…Therefore, reduced hydraulic conductivity due to embolized xylem vessels could reduce water loss by blocking the waterway from the stem to the root. It is different from general plants, where the embolism should be extensively avoided and well repaired for survival with smooth water transport (Hwang et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the morphological structures and functional features of the R–S junction were experimentally and quantitatively investigated in a hydrodynamic point of view. X-ray micro-imaging technique, which is useful for noninvasive visualization of live root samples without pretreatment (Hwang et al, 2016 ), was used to visualize the inner structures of the R–S junction under wet and dried states. The mean diameter of the embolized vessels is relatively larger than that of total xylem vessels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Strategy of Cactus Root–Stem Junction for Effective Water Transport

Kim

Lee

2018

Front. Plant Sci.

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Cactus roots function as a hydraulic safety valve by conducting available water quickly and preventing water loss under drought condition. In particular, the root–stem (R–S) junction is responsible for effective water transport by direct coupling of the water absorptive thin roots and the moisture-filled bulky stem. In this study, the morphological features of the R–S junction were observed by using X-ray micro-imaging technique. Their structural and functional characteristics were also elucidated according to a hydrodynamic viewpoint. With regard to the axial water transport through xylem, the R–S junction prevents water leakage by embolizing large-scale vessels with relatively high hydraulic conductivity. In addition, the axial theoretical hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels from the roots to the stem drastically increases to facilitate water absorption and prevent water loss. The cortex cell layer of a cactus is thinner than that of other plant species. In the viewpoint of radial conductivity, this property can be the hydraulic strategy of the cactus R–S junction to transport water quickly from the root surface into the xylem. These results suggest that the R–S junction functions as a hydraulic safety valve that can maximize water uptake in axial and radial directions at limited rainfall. This junction can also prevent the stem from leaking water under drought condition.

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Xylem: Differentiation, Water Transport and Ecology

Fricke

2017

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The xylem constitutes the part of plant vascular system which is primarily concerned with the long‐distance transport of water, dissolved minerals and signalling molecules from root to shoot. The development of xylem during tissue differentiation and organ growth is governed in particular by auxins and cytokinins. The mode of transport in xylem is bulk flow, driven by hydrostatic pressure gradients between root and shoot. These gradients involve substantial negative pressures (xylem tensions) during daytime transpiration. As xylem tension increases, so does the possibility of embolism and xylem dysfunction, particularly when water supply is sparse, unless embolism is repaired. The evolution of xylem reflects a combination of demands: optimising the volume flow rate, optimising control over xylem sap composition and minimising the chance of xylem dysfunction through embolism. Strategies to meet these often conflicting demands are reflected through differences in xylem anatomy between species which differ in their ecology. Key Concepts A key innovation during the evolution of plants was the development of a long‐distance, ‘vascular’, transport system. The mode of long‐distance transport of substances is bulk flow. Bulk flow is driven by gradients in hydrostatic pressure. The xylem constitutes the part of vascular system which is primarily concerned with the transport of substances, including water, between root and shoot. The xylem is made up of cells which are dead at full maturity and fulfil a transport (xylem vessels, tracheids) and mechanical support (fibres) role and cells which are alive and provide metabolic activity (xylem parenchyma). Development of xylem starts from procambial and cambial cells and is governed by auxin and also cytokinins. Daytime transpiration is associated with significant negative pressures (tensions) in xylem; this increases the chance of embolism and (partial) loss of function of xylem. The structural design of xylem of plant species, which differ in their taxonomy and ecology, often reflects differences in the transpirational demand (water flux rates), water availability (and associated likeliness of embolism formation) and soil solution composition (and need to control xylem sap composition) encountered by these species.

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Vulnerability of Protoxylem and Metaxylem Vessels to Embolisms and Radial Refilling in a Vascular Bundle of Maize Leaves

Cited by 26 publications

References 60 publications

Wetting enhanced by water adsorption in hygroscopic plantlike materials

Wetting enhanced by water adsorption in hygroscopic plantlike materials

Hydraulic Strategy of Cactus Root–Stem Junction for Effective Water Transport

Xylem: Differentiation, Water Transport and Ecology

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