Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Coastal Communities to the Associated Impacts of Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding

Adaptation to compound climate risks: A systematic global stocktake

“… 96 , 97 Coastal erosion compounds with increased salinity in New Zealand. 98 Coastal flooding compounds with mean precipitation decrease in Tanzania, 99 , 100 with drought in Bangladesh, 101 and with river flooding in Indonesia. 102 Tropical cyclones compound with extreme heat in Bangladesh 103 and extreme precipitation in India.…”

“…Length time of exposure to climate hazard is well demonstrated in three rice-growing areas of Pemba Island, Tanzania, where rice farmers were highly exposed to sea level rise and coastal floods, whose severity will increase over time as sea levels rise. 99 The accumulating harms from repeated coastal floods and repeated losses to livelihood and productivity lead to increased dependency on imported food. 99 …”

“… 99 The accumulating harms from repeated coastal floods and repeated losses to livelihood and productivity lead to increased dependency on imported food. 99 …”

“…Spatially compounding vulnerabilities are described in the interactions between food insecurity, low income, and dwelling in high-risk areas for coastal communities in Tanzania affected by impacts of sea level rise and coastal flooding. 99 Temporally compounding vulnerabilities are described in the interactions over time among food insecurity, immobility, chronic health challenges, and migrant status for communities affected by extreme heat in Bukavu in DR Congo 115 and heat and drought in the Philippines. 74 …”

“…Examples of soft limits to compound climate hazards include lack of access to finance, 83 , 90 unaffordability of new technologies, 90 , 99 poor governance and government responsiveness, 122 , 127 limited social or cultural capital, 71 , 73 , 113 poverty and inequality, 72 limited formal education, 79 and loss of indigenous knowledge (IK) or local knowledge (LK). 9 , 98 …”