“…The Spanish families are very numerous; Lima, according to the lowest computation, containing sixteen or eighteen thousand whites [...] The negroes, Mulattoes, and their descendants, form the greater number of the inhabitants [...] The third, and last class of inhabitants, are Indians and Mestizos, but these are very small in proportion to the largeness of the city, and the multitudes of the second class. 30 Although Juan and Ulloa did not indicate the specific size of the population, it seems that they regarded Lima as populous.…”
“…The Spanish families are very numerous; Lima, according to the lowest computation, containing sixteen or eighteen thousand whites [...] The negroes, Mulattoes, and their descendants, form the greater number of the inhabitants [...] The third, and last class of inhabitants, are Indians and Mestizos, but these are very small in proportion to the largeness of the city, and the multitudes of the second class. 30 Although Juan and Ulloa did not indicate the specific size of the population, it seems that they regarded Lima as populous.…”
“…At the end of the eight-year mission in 1743, de Ulloa published a travel journal 3 . His report on the opening of the “ Guasques ” (burial mounds) is illustrated by drawings, notably Plate XVI, which represents the ruins of prehispanic buildings and the discovered artifacts (de Ulloa 1752). Along with pieces of ceramic artifacts and jewelry there are three wavy lenses pierced with a hole near the edge (Figure 2), although it is not clear that such obsidian mirrors are genuine artifacts from the prehispanic Andean cultures; these objects could be colonial and been fraudulently presented to the expedition team as archaeological relics.…”
Section: Historical Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Along with pieces of ceramic artifacts and jewelry there are three wavy lenses pierced with a hole near the edge (Figure 2), although it is not clear that such obsidian mirrors are genuine artifacts from the prehispanic Andean cultures; these objects could be colonial and been fraudulently presented to the expedition team as archaeological relics. Figure 2.Plate XVI from Journal de Voyage of Antonio de Ulloa (1752) depicting three obsidian mirrors: E, F, and G.…”
Section: Historical Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Plate XVI from Journal de Voyage of Antonio de Ulloa (1752) depicting three obsidian mirrors: E, F, and G.…”
Since at least 1742, the mineralogical collection of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris has hosted, under the reference number 22.U, a biconvex lens-shaped obsidian artifact, also described as a mirror, measuring 250 mm in diameter and finely polished on both faces. It has usually been ascribed to the shipment sent by Hernán Cortez in 1522 to the Emperor Charles V, which was captured by a French privateer. We investigated the object using modern techniques. The elemental composition of the obsidian determined by the particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method showed that the raw material originates from the Mullumica deposit (Ecuador). Documentary investigations revealed that the lens (renumbered No. 176.101) was sent in 1737 from Quito, Ecuador (at that time part of the viceroyalty of Peru), to France by members of the Godin–La Condamine geodesic expedition (1735–1743). The mirror is thus among the rare Ecuadorian archeological or colonial artifacts to have reached the Old World during the eighteenth century.
“…Posteriormente, otro terremoto -de mayores consideraciones-asolaría Lima y su principal puerto, El Callao. Nos referimos al sismo del 28 de octubre de 1746 (Ulloa y Juan 1748[1703-1776: 42-43), el cual ocasionó pánico y destrucción total de Lima y de Callao. Según las fuentes escritas, perecieron en Lima no menos de 10.000 personas el mismo día.…”
Section: Lima Y Los Primeros Años Del Convento Dominicounclassified
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