Voxel modeling of rabbits for use in radiological dose rate calculations

Caffrey, Emily; Johansen, Mathew P.; Higley, Kathryn A.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.04.008

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Model data indicating, for a range of particle sizes, the relative fraction (%) of alpha emission energy that is deposited within a Pu-containing particle (blue symbols) versus that deposited in surrounding tissue (orange symbols). The Pu was assumed to be homogenously distributed within a spherical particle, adapted from Caffrey et al (2016).…”

Section: Biological Uptake and Dosimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges associated with the behaviour of radioactive particles in the environment

Salbu

Kashparov

Lind

et al. 2018

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

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A series of different nuclear sources associated with the nuclear weapon and fuel cycles have contributed to the release of radioactive particles to the environment. Following nuclear weapon tests, safety tests, conventional destruction of weapons, reactor explosions and fires, a major fraction of released refractory radionuclides such as uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) were present as entities ranging from sub microns to fragments. Furthermore, radioactive particles and colloids have been released from reprocessing facilities and civil reactors, from radioactive waste dumped at sea, and from NORM sites. Thus, whenever refractory radionuclides are released to the environment following nuclear events, radioactive particles should be expected. Results from many years of research have shown that particle characteristics such as elemental composition depend on the source, while characteristics such as particle size distribution, structure, and oxidation state influencing ecosystem transfer depend also on the release scenarios. When radioactive particles are deposited in the environment, weathering processes occur and associated radionuclides are subsequently mobilized, changing the apparent K. Thus, particles retained in soils or sediments are unevenly distributed, and dissolution of radionuclides from particles may be partial. For areas affected by particle contamination, the inventories can therefore be underestimated, and impact and risk assessments may suffer from unacceptable large uncertainties if radioactive particles are ignored. To integrate radioactive particles into environmental impact assessments, key challenges include the linking of particle characteristics to specific sources, to ecosystem transfer, and to uptake and retention in biological systems. To elucidate these issues, the EC-funded COMET and RATE projects and the IAEA Coordinated Research Program on particles have revisited selected contaminated sites and archive samples. This COMET position paper summarizes new knowledge on key sources that have contributed to particle releases, including particle characteristics based on advanced techniques, with emphasis on particle weathering processes as well as on heterogeneities in biological samples to evaluate potential uptake and retention of radioactive particles.

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Section: Biological Uptake and Dosimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges associated with the behaviour of radioactive particles in the environment

Salbu

Kashparov

Lind

et al. 2018

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

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“…Voxel models for small animals were first developed in the context of medical radiation protection (Stabin et al, 2006), but are now also developed for environmental radiation protection, particularly for some of the Reference Animals. Published results cited by Caffrey et al (2016) include phantoms of rabbit, mouse, rat, frog, two dogs, crab and rainbow trout. These voxel models allow for calculating accurate organ dose rates, and aid in validating the use of ellipsoidal models for regulatory purposes.…”

Section: Exposure and Dose Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

ALLIANCE perspectives on integration of humans and the environment into the system of radiological protection

et al. 2018

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Risks posed by the presence of radionuclides in the environment require an efficient, balanced, and adaptable assessment for protecting exposed humans and wildlife, and managing the associated radiological risk. Exposure of humans and wildlife originate from the same sources releasing radionuclides to the environment. Environmental concentrations of radionuclides serve as inputs to estimate the dose to man, fauna, and flora, with transfer processes being, in essence, similar, which calls for a common use of transport models. Dose estimates are compared with the radiological protection criteria for humans and wildlife, such as those developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. This indicates a similarity in the approaches for impact assessment in humans and wildlife, although some elements are different (e.g. the protection endpoint for humans is stochastic effects on individuals, whereas for wildlife, it is deterministic effects on species and ecosystems). Human and environmental assessments are consistent and complementary in terms of how they are conducted and in terms of the underlying databases (where appropriate). Not having an integrated approach may cause difficulties for operators and regulators, for communication to stakeholders, and may even hamper decision making. For optimised risk assessment and management, the impact from non-radiation contaminants and stressors should also be considered. Both in terms of the underlying philosophy and the application via appropriate tools, the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) upholds that integration of human and ecological impact and risk assessment is recommended from several perspectives (e.g. chemical/radiological risks).

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“…It appears that great advances in the accuracy of dose estimates may be gained, in the process of characterization phantoms for modelling radiation transport, by partitioning into gut contents and GI wall as oppose to treating GI tract as a solid organ. On a related dosimetric theme, Caffrey et al (2015) present some of the complex anatomical phantoms, termed voxel phantoms, that have been developed to test the validity of commonly-used simplistic geometric models. A system developed in France to be used in an emergency situation involving the release of radionuclides is presented by Duffa et al (2015).…”

Section: Journal Of Environmental Radioactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The International Conference on Radioecology and Environmental Radioactivity, 2014, (ICRER-2014)

Strand

Brown

2016

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

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Voxel modeling of rabbits for use in radiological dose rate calculations

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Challenges associated with the behaviour of radioactive particles in the environment

Challenges associated with the behaviour of radioactive particles in the environment

ALLIANCE perspectives on integration of humans and the environment into the system of radiological protection

The International Conference on Radioecology and Environmental Radioactivity, 2014, (ICRER-2014)

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