Vortices in Nonequilibrium Photon Condensates

Gladilin, V. N.; Wouters, Michiel

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.215301

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…For B 12 = 10B 0 , a clear plateau (on the used log-log scale) develops between t = 10 ns and t = 100 ns. We propose as the mechanism for the formation of the plateau the interplay between vortex-antivortex distances and the radius of the quasi-circular trajectories of self-accelerated vortices and antivortices, which decreases with increasing B 21 [23]. Quasi-circular vortex trajectories with relatively small radius constitute an important distinctive feature of the system under consideration as compared to the exciton-polariton condensates analyzed in Refs.…”

Section: A the Role Of The Emission-absorption Ratesmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…As a result, only 1 pair recombines in the simulation region in the time interval of about 13 ns. Increasing the emission rate B 21 both reduces the radius of the circular vortex trajectories and increases the long range repulsion [23], explaining why the plateau only develops for sufficiently large B 21 .…”

Section: A the Role Of The Emission-absorption Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, the low vortex density in panel (c) together with the well localized vortex orbits prevents annihilation during the longer time interval "c". In addition to the self-acceleration that leads to circular orbits, the nonequilibrium situation leads to outward particle flows from vortex cores that cause -similarly to the case of exciton-polariton condensates [22] -long-range repulsion of vortices independent of their mutual chirality [23]. As a consequence, the localized orbits show very little overlap in the regime of low density.…”

Section: A the Role Of The Emission-absorption Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the two parameters J and γ out of which the length scale r v ∝ J/γ has been argued to serve as a first estimate for the vortex core size [23], the effect of the tunneling on the pair relaxation dynamics is the most straightforward. Comparing in Fig.…”

Section: B the Role Of Tunneling And Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This stands in contrast to polariton condensates, where the interactions always keep the vortex core size finite. It was however shown recently that a finite vortex core and therefore well defined vortex excitations do exist in lattices of coupled nonequilibrium photon condensates [23]. Such lattices of photon condensates can be experimentally created by patterning the microcavity mirrors [25,26], analogous to lattices for exciton-polaritons [27].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Vortex pair annihilation in arrays of photon cavities

Gladilin,

Wouters

2022

Preprint

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We investigate theoretically the evolution of the vortex number in an array of photon condensates that is brought from an incoherent low density state to a coherent high density state by a sudden change in the pumping laser intensity. We analyze how the recombination of vortices and antivortices depends on the system parameters such as the coefficients for emission and absorption of photons by the dye molecules, the rate of tunneling between the cavities, the photon loss rate and the number of photons in the condensate. I. INTRODUCTIONVortex excitations of superfluids [1] play a crucial role in a variety of phenomena such as the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition, the Kibble-Zurek (KZ) mechanism, the formation of Abrikosov vortex lattices and the the drag force on objects moving through a superfluid. These phenomena have been experimentally studied on a number of physical platforms such as superconductors, liquid helium and ultracold atoms [2]. What all these systems have in common is that they are up to a very good approximation in (local) thermal equilibrium, a condition that is typically broken in experimental platforms that are based on optical systems [3,4]. Optical Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) have been experimentally achieved in optical cavities filled with a dye molecule solution and in microcavities where a photon is strongly coupled to an exciton resulting in excitonpolariton [5]. While in the latter system, interactions between exciton-polaritons can lead to stimulated scattering into the ground state, in the photon-dye system it is repeated absorption and reemission of photons [6] that enables a macroscopic occupation of the ground state [7][8][9].Due to photon losses, optical BECs need constant pumping by an excitation laser in order to reach a steady state where pumping balances the losses. Experimentally realized photon condensates are therefore drivendissipative systems. The availability of several other experimental platforms, such as exciton-polaritons [4], superconducting circuits [10] and Rydberg atoms [11], for the study of driven-dissipative systems and their interest for quantum simulation and quantum computation has spurred substantial theoretical activity [4,10,12,13].A typical photon condensation experiment starts from an empty cavity and optical excitations are created by turning on the pumping laser where the phase transition is crossed when the photon density exceeds threshold. Upon crossing the threshold, the system goes from the disordered to the ordered state, which according to the KZ mechanism may lead to the formation of vortex pairs. Vortices in nonequilibrium BECs have been the subject of both experimental [14][15][16][17][18] and theoretical [19][20][21][22] study in exciton-polariton systems, whereas in nonequilibrium photon condensates, vortices have only been studied the-

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Section: A the Role Of The Emission-absorption Ratesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: A the Role Of The Emission-absorption Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A the Role Of The Emission-absorption Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B the Role Of Tunneling And Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vortex pair annihilation in arrays of photon cavities

Gladilin,

Wouters

2022

Preprint

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Photon Bose–Einstein Condensation and Lasing in Semiconductor Cavities

Loirette--Pelous

2023

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Photon Bose–Einstein condensation and photon thermalisation have been largely studied with molecular gain media in optical cavities. However, their observation with semiconductors has remained elusive despite a large body of experimental results and very well established theoretical models. In this work, these models are used to build a new theoretical framework that enables revisiting lasing to compare with photon Bose–Einstein condensation in the driven‐dissipative regime. The thermalisation figures of merit and the different experimental procedures to asses thermalization are discussed. Finally, the fluctuations of the system and their relation to the different regimes are explored.

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Modified Bose-Einstein condensation in an optical quantum gas

2021

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Open quantum systems can be systematically controlled by making changes to their environment. A well-known example is the spontaneous radiative decay of an electronically excited emitter, such as an atom or a molecule, which is significantly influenced by the feedback from the emitter’s environment, for example, by the presence of reflecting surfaces. A prerequisite for a deliberate control of an open quantum system is to reveal the physical mechanisms that determine its state. Here, we investigate the Bose-Einstein condensation of a photonic Bose gas in an environment with controlled dissipation and feedback. Our measurements offer a highly systematic picture of Bose-Einstein condensation under non-equilibrium conditions. We show that by adjusting their frequency Bose-Einstein condensates naturally try to avoid particle loss and destructive interference in their environment. In this way our experiments reveal physical mechanisms involved in the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate, which typically remain hidden when the system is close to thermal equilibrium.

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Vortices in Nonequilibrium Photon Condensates

Cited by 19 publications

References 61 publications

Vortex pair annihilation in arrays of photon cavities

Vortex pair annihilation in arrays of photon cavities

Photon Bose–Einstein Condensation and Lasing in Semiconductor Cavities

Modified Bose-Einstein condensation in an optical quantum gas

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