Vortices, Complex Flows and Inertial Particles

Abstract

The properties of vortical structures at high Reynolds number in uniform flows and near rigid boundaries are reviewed. New properties are derived by analysing the dynamics of the main flow features and the related integral constraints, including the relations between mean swirl and bulk speed, the relative level of internal fluctuations to bulk properties, and connections between the steadiness and topology of the structures. A crucial property that determines energy dissipation and the transport of inertial particles (with finite fall speed) is the variation across the structure of the ratio of the mean strain rate ( ) to the mean vorticity ( ). It is shown how, once such particles are entrained into the vortical regions of a coherent structure, they can be transported over significant distances even as the vortices grow and their internal structure is distorted by internal turbulence, swirling motions and the presence of rigid boundaries. However if the vortex is strongly distorted by a straining motion so that is greater than , the entrained particles are ejected quite rapidly. These mechanisms are consistent with previous studies of entrained and sedimenting particles in disperse two phase flows over flat surfaces, and over bluff obstacles and dunes. They are also tested in more detail here through laboratory observations and measurements of 50-200-μm particles entrained into circular and non-circular vortices moving first into still air and then onto rigid surfaces placed parallel and perpendicular to the direction of motion of the vortices.

Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing

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Fluid velocity fluctuations in a collision of a sphere with a wall

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