Vortex Formation in the Heart

Kheradvar, Arash; Pedrizzetti, Gianni

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2288-3_3

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…CFD experiments have shown that LV vortex ring originates from the inlet jet through the mitral valve orifice during early LV filling [1,4,10,13], therefore, the shape of the formed vortex is expected to resemble the shape of the originating valvular opening [4,13]. Hence, we hypothesized that similar behavior could be identified in vivo where a more oval opening of the MV during peak late filling results in a more elliptical vortex ring compared to the one originating from a more circular valve opening during peak early filling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vortex formation within the left ventricular (LV) blood flow has been suggested to critically contribute to efficient blood pumping function [ 1 ]. A vortex can be described as a group of fluid particles with a swirling motion around a common axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A vortex can be described as a group of fluid particles with a swirling motion around a common axis. Among different types of vortices, vortex rings (also known as toroidal vortex) are abundant in nature because of their compactness and stability [ 1 - 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vortex flow during early and late left ventricular filling in normal subjects: quantitative characterization using retrospectively-gated 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance and three-dimensional vortex core analysis

Elbaz

Calkoen

Westenberg

et al. 2014

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

126

136

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BackgroundLV diastolic vortex formation has been suggested to critically contribute to efficient blood pumping function, while altered vortex formation has been associated with LV pathologies. Therefore, quantitative characterization of vortex flow might provide a novel objective tool for evaluating LV function. The objectives of this study were 1) assess feasibility of vortex flow analysis during both early and late diastolic filling in vivo in normal subjects using 4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with retrospective cardiac gating and 3D vortex core analysis 2) establish normal quantitative parameters characterizing 3D LV vortex flow during both early and late ventricular filling in normal subjects.MethodsWith full ethical approval, twenty-four healthy volunteers (mean age: 20±10 years) underwent whole-heart 4D Flow CMR. The Lambda2-method was used to extract 3D LV vortex ring cores from the blood flow velocity field during early (E) and late (A) diastolic filling. The 3D location of the center of vortex ring core was characterized using cylindrical cardiac coordinates (Circumferential, Longitudinal (L), Radial (R)). Comparison between E and A filling was done with a paired T-test. The orientation of the vortex ring core was measured and the ring shape was quantified by the circularity index (CI). Finally, the Spearman’s correlation between the shapes of mitral inflow pattern and formed vortex ring cores was tested.ResultsDistinct E- and A-vortex ring cores were observed with centers of A-vortex rings significantly closer to the mitral valve annulus (E-vortex L=0.19±0.04 versus A-vortex L=0.15±0.05; p=0.0001), closer to the ventricle’s long-axis (E-vortex: R=0.27±0.07, A-vortex: R=0.20±0.09, p=0.048) and more elliptical in shape (E-vortex: CI=0.79±0.09, A-vortex: CI=0.57±0.06; <0.001) compared to E-vortex. The circumferential location and orientation relative to LV long-axis for both E- and A-vortex ring cores were similar. Good to strong correlation was found between vortex shape and mitral inflow shape through both the annulus (r=0.66) and leaflet tips (r=0.83).ConclusionsQuantitative characterization and comparison of 3D vortex rings in LV inflow during both early and late diastolic phases is feasible in normal subjects using retrospectively-gated 4D Flow CMR, with distinct differences between early and late diastolic vortex rings.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12968-014-0078-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vortex flow during early and late left ventricular filling in normal subjects: quantitative characterization using retrospectively-gated 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance and three-dimensional vortex core analysis

Elbaz

Calkoen

Westenberg

et al. 2014

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

126

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Figure shows an example of the application of our method to 3D cine PC‐MRI data of the left ventricle acquired in one volunteer. We showed a representative diastolic cardiac phase (filling phase), where the characteristic vortex ring formed just before the mitral valve is appreciated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional quantification of vorticity and helicity from 3D cine PC‐MRI using finite‐element interpolations

Sotelo

Urbina

Valverde

et al. 2017

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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Purpose: We propose a 3D finite-element method for the quantification of vorticity and helicity density from 3D cine phase-contrast (PC) MRI. Methods: By using a 3D finite-element method, we seamlessly estimate velocity gradients in 3D. The robustness and convergence were analyzed using a combined Poiseuille and Lamb-Ossen equation. A computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to compared our method with others available in the literature. Additionally, we computed 3D maps for different 3D cine PC-MRI data sets: phantom without and with coarctation (18 healthy volunteers and 3 patients).Results: We found a good agreement between our method and both the analytical solution of the combined Poiseuille and Lamb-Ossen. The computational fluid dynamics results showed that our method outperforms current approaches to estimate vorticity and helicity values. In the in silico model, we observed that for a tetrahedral element of 2 mm of characteristic length, we underestimated the vorticity in less than 5% with respect to the analytical solution. In patients, we found higher values of helicity density in comparison to healthy volunteers, associated with vortices in the lumen of the vessels. Conclusions: We proposed a novel method that provides entire 3D vorticity and helicity density maps, avoiding the used of reformatted 2D planes from 3D cine PC-MRI. Magn Reson Med 79:541-553,

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“…indicated here as vorticity_vol). More technical details can be found in: [25]. Voxel-wise vorticity magnitude (in 1/s) was computed for each acquired time-phase and then integrated over the total ventricular volume [23].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress increases intracardiac 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance -derived energetics and vorticity and relates to VO2max in Fontan patients

Kamphuis

Elbaz

Boogaard

et al. 2019

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

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Background We hypothesize that dobutamine-induced stress impacts intracardiac hemodynamic parameters and that this may be linked to decreased exercise capacity in Fontan patients . Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of pharmacologic stress on intraventricular kinetic energy (KE), viscous energy loss (EL) and vorticity from four-dimensional (4D) Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in Fontan patients and to study the association between stress response and exercise capacity. Methods Ten Fontan patients underwent whole-heart 4D flow CMR before and during 7.5 μg/kg/min dobutamine infusion and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on the same day. Average ventricular KE, EL and vorticity were computed over systole, diastole and the total cardiac cycle (vorticity_vol avg cycle , KE avg cycle, EL avg cycle ). The relation to maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) from CPET was tested by Pearson’s correlation or Spearman’s rank correlation in case of non-normality of the data. Results Dobutamine stress caused a significant 88 ± 52% increase in KE (KE avg cycle : 1.8 ± 0.5 vs 3.3 ± 0.9 mJ, P < 0.001), a significant 108 ± 49% increase in EL (EL avg cycle : 0.9 ± 0.4 vs 1.9 ± 0.9 mW, P < 0.001) and a significant 27 ± 19% increase in vorticity (vorticity_vol avg cycle : 3441 ± 899 vs 4394 ± 1322 mL/s, P = 0.002). All rest-stress differences (%) were negatively correlated to VO 2 max (KE avg cycle : r = − 0.83, P = 0.003; EL avg cycle : r = − 0.80, P = 0.006; vorticity_vol avg cycle : r = − 0.64, P = 0.047). Conclusions 4D flow CMR-derived intraventricular kinetic energy, viscous energy loss and vorticity in Fontan patients increase during pharmacologic stress and show a negative correlation with exercise capacity measured by VO 2 max.

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Vortex Formation in the Heart

Cited by 18 publications

References 124 publications

Vortex flow during early and late left ventricular filling in normal subjects: quantitative characterization using retrospectively-gated 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance and three-dimensional vortex core analysis

Vortex flow during early and late left ventricular filling in normal subjects: quantitative characterization using retrospectively-gated 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance and three-dimensional vortex core analysis

Three‐dimensional quantification of vorticity and helicity from 3D cine PC‐MRI using finite‐element interpolations

Stress increases intracardiac 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance -derived energetics and vorticity and relates to VO2max in Fontan patients

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