Vorapaxar-modified polysulfone membrane with high hemocompatibility inhibits thrombosis

Functionalized Hemodialysis Polysulfone Membranes with Improved Hemocompatibility

“…It was found that the hydrophobic surface character of these biomaterials could lead to the adherence of plasma proteins to the hydrophobic surfaces forming plasma clotting [ 43 ]. In the last decade, many materials were studied for their hemocompatibility, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [ 43 , 44 ], cellulose triacetate (CTA) [ 43 , 45 ], polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [ 38 , 46 ], polyacrylonitrile (PAN) [ 47 , 48 ], polysulfone (PSF) [ 9 , 20 , 49 ], polyethersulfone (PES) [ 43 , 50 , 51 ] and polyamide (PA) [ 46 , 52 ]. Polysulfone (PSF) is a thermoplastic polymer used in the biomedical field as a dialysis membrane due to physicochemical properties, such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, decent mechanical strength, great processability and biocompatibility [ 43 ].…”

“…Further, in functionalization, functional groups could be used, such as small compounds that could be linked directly to the PSF or by using different linker molecules and macromolecules by the grafting of chemical functions onto an aromatic ring followed by immobilization using a linker molecule [ 49 , 55 ]. The PSF does not have any vacant functional groups and in order to perform functionalization, additional functional groups must be added by grafting onto the aromatic rings, such as the introduction of a sulfonate group into the polymer structure through electrophilic substitution via sulfonation [ 47 ]. The addition of the sulfonic group increases the membrane’s permeability, hydrophilicity, hemocompatibility, anti-fouling behavior and antimicrobial properties [ 56 , 57 ].…”

“…The drawback of the use of heparin is the fact that the only source of heparin is from animal tissues, leading to a possible risk of virus contamination and adverse effects, thrombocytopenia for long-term treatments and hemorrhages for patients with a large administrated dose of heparin [ 85 ]. It was also shown that heparin only inhibits plasma-free thrombin but does not inhibit clot-bound thrombin [ 47 ].…”

“…The composite membrane was obtained via the liquid–liquid phase inversion method. The functionalized membrane with vorapaxar presents a decrease of the contact angle values, leading to an increase in hydrophilicity [ 47 ]. Qi et al [ 94 ] suggested a functionalization of PSF with resveratrol as an antioxidant compound for an improved hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress.…”

Preparation and properties of cellulose acetate graft copolymer‐coated adsorbent resin for hemoperfusion device

“…There was a lot of heparinoid synthesis going on at present. [21][22][23][24] Zhao et al 25 discovered that modified polyethersulfone (PES) membranes are having both carboxyl and sulfonic acid groups performed better in terms of hemocompatibility than modified PES membranes containing solely sulfonic acid groups. Tu et al 26 created a modified SHPCS-AA-PSF membrane by covalently grafting acrylic acid (AA) and sulfonated hydroxypropyl chitosan (SHPCS) onto the polysulfone (PSF) membrane surface.…”