Volunteering to be taxed: Business improvement districts and the extra-governmental provision of public safety

Brooks, Leah

doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.07.002

Cited by 93 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…9 In Philadelphia, Hoyt (2005) found that property crimes and thefts were significantly lower in BID areas than in non-BID areas (5 percent reduction in BID areas compared with 2.3 percent in control areas). In Los Angeles, using a quasi-experimental design, Brooks (2008) found that, compared to control groups formed in a variety of ways, treatment areas experienced reductions in serious crime, less serious crime, and overall crime (declines of 6-10 percent). Crime reductions in BIDs were confirmed by Cook and MacDonald (2011), who also examined whether the reductions in crime and arrests were sustained or whether they quickly wore off by examining the impact on crime over time.…”

Section: Invest In Transforming the Physical Environment In Communitimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Restoring paradise in the Caribbean: combatting violence with numbers

2017

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ative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to the IDB and for any non-commercial purpose.No derivative work is allowed.Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB's name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB's logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license.Note that link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. They lead to injury and the loss of human life, erode confidence in government, reduce the competitiveness of industries and services, negatively alter the investment climate, contribute to emigration, and can lead to the loss of skilled and educated citizens. Consequently, improving citizen security has become a priority of the Inter-American Development Bank in its efforts to support the governments and citizens of Latin America and the Caribbean.While citizen security has become an ever-increasing concern for many Caribbean countries, the magnitude of the problem has not been matched with an equally robust response in terms of research. Cross-national studies on the prevalence, causes, and effects of violence in the region are few. Empirical studies showing which policies have worked to reduce crime in the Caribbean are even scarcer.This volume analyses new data collected in household and business victimization surveys. These surveys allow us to understand crime from a primary source-the victims themselves. As such, this study goes beyond much of the existing literature, which relies primarily on police data. It contributes new information to our understanding of crime patterns, victim profiles, determinants of particular types of crime, and directions for crime reduction in the region.While the crime situation varies among countries, broadly speaking the Caribbean suffers from uniquely high levels of violent crime. After providing an overview of crime in five Caribbean capital cities, this volume addresses several factors associated with violent crime. These include youth, violence against women and children, neighbourhood characteristics, gangs, guns, and the police and criminal justice systems. The cost of this crime and violence to the Caribbean-about 3 percent of GDP-is significant. The study finds that victimization has negative ramifications for businesses, economic growth, tourism arrivals, emigration, and life satisfaction.However, perhaps the most unique aspect of this study is that it has been written with the specific intention of informing policy and programme design. There is much work in the region that is promising and much that is ineffective.This report helps to identify both, and urges that rigorous evaluations of the more promising programmes be conduc...

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Section: Invest In Transforming the Physical Environment In Communitimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 13.5 categorizes the effectiveness of programmes for prison systems, while (Brooks 2008;Cook and MacDonald 2011;Hoyt 2005). Chapter 10 explores PPPs in more detail.…”

Section: Prisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoring paradise in the Caribbean: combatting violence with numbers

2017

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“…Still, there have been a few attempts to isolate the impact of BID measures on their service areas, by looking at either reported crime outcomes (e.g., Brooks, 2008;Hoyt, 2005a) or at property values (Ellen et al, 2007). Many researchers have acknowledged the importance of performance measures and proposed different methods and frameworks (Hernandez & Jones, 2005;Hogg, Medway & Warnaby, 2004;Riviezzo, de Nisco & Rosaria Napolitano, 2009).…”

Section: Bids and City Competitivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One tool that has proliferated globally as influential mechanism for promoting community revitalization are Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) (Brooks, 2008;S. Grossman, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource Orchestration as a Source of a Competitive Advantage for Cities

Berseck

2015

AMPROC

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-DeutschInmitten des aktuellen Urbanisierungstrends bietet diese Dissertation eine Antwort auf den Mere resources are frequently insufficient to generate competitiveness in our increasingly demanding world; urban administrators, policymakers and other practitioners concerned with the management of their place need capabilities to use resources efficiently while adapting to their changing environments. Therefore, I argue for the value of extending the resource-based theory -especially, its dynamic refinement, the theory of resource orchestration -to answer the question how places can achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. I develop a fourstep process framework of strategically managing resources and developing capabilities that includes (a) structuring their resource portfolio, (b) bundling resources to capabilities, (c) leveraging capability configurations and (d) continuously synchronizing each activity.I try to give this model its specific urban shape by zooming into the city and empirically applying it to the internationally growing urban governance tool of Business Improvement Districts (BIDs). The first empirical study emphasizes one particularly important, placespecific resource, namely social capital, and examines the unique relationships between social capital and resource bundling based on archival, interview and direct observation data of 12BIDs in New York City. The findings suggest that each component of the resource bundling process mediates between social capital and the BID's capability to function as community development entity. Contents IVThe second empirical study focusses on capability leveraging and elaborates this resource orchestration step in the context of 15 BID-government relationships in the City of Hamburg.This chapter advances qualitative research to disentangle the actual processes of strategy development, coordination and implementation between public and private actors. It identifies different leveraging approaches and collaborative outcomes depending on the social capital configurations of the BID-government relationships. By focusing on the partnerships' networks of relationships, inherent interests and capabilities that enable (or inhibit) public and private actors to work together, the study makes an important contribution to the literature, theorizing the entire process of how public-private collaborations are strategically managed.Combined, this dissertation informs theory and practice on the strategic management of cities and BIDs. The focus shifts from viewing them as black box, through which certain inputs flow to become outputs, towards the development of capabilities for policymakers, administrators and practitioners that allow them to utilize resources efficiently and establish structures to work collaboratively. Hereby, I show and explain how places can affect their development trajectories through conscious managerial actions taken to increase their performance.

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“…2 Quasi-experimental studies of business improvement districts provide one potential source of insight on the effect of private security. These studies suggest that hiring private security may reduce crime (Brooks, 2008;Cook and MacDonald, 2011b).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Privately Provided Police Services on Crime

2012

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Research demonstrates that police reduce crime. The implication of this research for investment in a particular form of extra police services, those provided by private institutions, has not been rigorously examined. We capitalize on the discontinuity in police force size at the geographic boundary of a private university police department to estimate the effect of the extra police services on crime. Extra police provided by the university generate approximately 45-60 percent fewer crimes in the surrounding neighborhood. These effects appear to be similar to other estimates in the literature.

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Volunteering to be taxed: Business improvement districts and the extra-governmental provision of public safety

Cited by 93 publications

References 26 publications

Restoring paradise in the Caribbean: combatting violence with numbers

Restoring paradise in the Caribbean: combatting violence with numbers

Resource Orchestration as a Source of a Competitive Advantage for Cities

The Effect of Privately Provided Police Services on Crime

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