Voluntary pupil size change as control in eyes only interaction

Ekman, Inger; Poikola, Antti; Mäkäräinen, Meeri; Takala, Tapio; Hämäläinen, Perttu

doi:10.1145/1344471.1344501

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A less known phenomenon is that pupil size also varies in response to different levels of cognitive engagement and effort [3] and in response to the interest value of stimuli [4]. In addition, recent studies have suggested that pupil size can be used to measure the effects of emotional feedback [5] and as an input modality used to control computer games [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminating the relevance of web search results with measures of pupil size

Oliveira

Aula

Russell

2009

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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The overwhelming amount of information on the web makes it critical for users to quickly and accurately evaluate the relevance of content. Here we tested whether pupil size can be used to discriminate the perceived relevance of web search results. Our findings revealed that measures of pupil size carry information that can be used to discriminate the relevance of text and image web search results, but the low signal-to-noise ratio poses challenges that need to be overcome when using this technique in naturalistic settings. Despite these challenges, our findings highlight the promise that pupillometry has as a technique that can be used to assess interest and relevance in web interaction in a nonintrusive and objective way.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminating the relevance of web search results with measures of pupil size

Oliveira

Aula

Russell

2009

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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show abstract

“…This is what is used for all IREX analyses. 22 The default threshold is that computed using all OPS vs. OPS and OPS vs. ICE comparisons of uncompressed KIND 1 images. 23 For example, consider an enrollment process that includes capture of three images of an eye.…”

Section: The Bath Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drugs that cause pupillary constriction are known as miotics. Persons can be trained to vary the size of their pupils [22].…”

Section: Dilation Of the Irismentioning

confidence: 99%

Irex I :

Grother¹,

Tabassi²,

Quinn³

et al. 2009

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors would like to thank the Department of Homeland Security's U. S. VISIT Office for supporting this work. In addition, the authors are grateful to the Department of Homeland Security's Science and Technology Directorate for supporting the ongoing standardization aspects of this activity. We extend our thanks to the U.S. Department of Defense and the University of Bath for providing iris imagery to the project.Finally, thanks go IREX participants for their contributions toward the ISO/IEC 19794-6 standard and the development of the IREX test specification 1 . DISCLAIMER Specific hardware and software products identified in this report were used in order to perform the evaluations described in this document. In no case does identification of any commercial product, trade name, or vendor, imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the products and equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. 1 The formal CONOPS and API specification is available at http://iris.nist.gov/irex/irex api.pdf.The Iris Exchange (IREX) was initiated by NIST in late 2007 to support interoperable exchange of iris imagery in high performance biometric applications. The first activity in the program, the IREX I evaluation, was conducted in cooperation with the iris recognition industry to develop and test standard image formats, and to demonstrate that iris recognition algorithms can maintain their accuracy and interoperability with compact images. Standard formats are needed in federated applications in which iris data is exchanged between interoperating systems. Compact size is a current and vital requirement for applications in which imagery is passed across bandwidth-limited networks, or stored on identity credentials. IREX I was initiated to give quantitative support to the revision of the ISO/IEC 19794-6 and ANSI/NIST TYPE 17 standards, and to form a multi-provider marketplace around those standards. As the largest independently administered test of iris recognition technology to date, IREX I includes a formal evaluation of the state-of-the-art of iris recognition algorithms from the following providers:Recognition algorithms from these organizations were evaluated in a three stage process. First, algorithms were applied to convert raw images from contemporary iris cameras to the standardized iris images (i.e. IREX records) depicted here: Cropped image Cropped and masked image KIND 3 KIND 7 Parent image from camera Unsegmented polar Reconstructed rectilinear KIND 1 KIND 7 KIND 48 KIND 16Preparation of these records requires various detection, localization, cropping, sampling and masking operations. These operations are non-trivial. They precede the second stage of processing in which features are extracted from standard images to form a template. The IREX records are not iris templates; instead they are specialized interoperable images designed for efficient storage. Templates contain proprietary "black box" feature ...

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“…We have also established through formal user tests that it is possible for non-expert users to achieve control of their pupil size in a controlled environment [2]. The level of control seems to be related to the type of indirect activation used to manipulate pupil size: positive activation performs well, whereas self-inflicted pain and negative emotions produce big pupil variations, but nevertheless fail to work in a regular enough fashion to serve as a control mechanism.…”

Section: Testing and Iteratingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects were also given instructions on methods which allow indirect manipulation of pupil size, such as positive thoughts and physical activation. For details on the test procedure and results, refer to [2].…”

Section: Testing and Iteratingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invisible eni

Ekman¹,

Poikola²,

Mäkäräinen³

2008

CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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We present an eyes-only computer game, Invisible Eni, which uses gaze, blinking and as a novelty pupil size to affect game state. Pupil size can be indirectly controlled by physical activation, strong emotional experiences and cognitive effort. Invisible Eni maps the pupil size variations to the game mechanics and allows players to control game objects by use of willpower. We present the design rationale behind the interaction in Invisible Eni and consider the design implications of using pupil measurements in the interface. We discuss limitations for pupil based interaction and provide suggestions for using pupil size as an active input modality.At present, most users of eye-controlled software are people with severe handicap, often incapable of using

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Voluntary pupil size change as control in eyes only interaction

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Discriminating the relevance of web search results with measures of pupil size

Discriminating the relevance of web search results with measures of pupil size

Irex I :

Invisible eni

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