Voluntary action and conscious awareness

Haggard, Patrick; Clark, Sam L.; Kalogeras, Jeri

doi:10.1038/nn827

Cited by 1,280 publications

(1,629 citation statements)

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“…This is what we would expect based on early studies on binding which showed that longer actionoutcome intervals were associated with reduced binding (Haggard et al, 2002). This work implied that the binding effect is restricted to sensorimotor timescales.…”

Section: Main Textsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…First, they replicate the basic binding effect, and confirm that temporal contiguity is an important factor (cf. Haggard, et al, 2002). Second, their study again demonstrates effects of action on time perception, using a task that does not rely on the much-criticised 'Libet clock' method of reporting event times (see also, Engbert et al, 2008;Moore et al, 2009, for …”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This would be expected as binding is known to occur for arbitrary consequences of action, such as tones (Haggard et al, 2002). However, when self-reports and binding measures were taken on each trial, as in Experiment 1 the effect of consistency on binding was stronger.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Recent research has shown that human instrumental action is associated with systematic changes in time perception: The interval between a voluntary action and an outcome is perceived as shorter than the interval between a physically similar involuntary movement and an outcome (Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002;Engbert, Wohlschläger, & Haggard, 2008;Moore, Wegner, & Haggard, 2009). This has been referred to as 'intentional binding'.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intentional binding and higher order agency experience

Moore

Haggard

2010

Consciousness and Cognition

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Recent research has shown that human instrumental action is associated with systematic changes in time perception: The interval between a voluntary action and an outcome is perceived as shorter than the interval between a physically similar involuntary movement and an outcome. The study by Ebert and Wegner (this issue) suggests that this change in time perception is related to higher order agency experience. Notwithstanding certain issues arising from their study, which are discussed, we believe it offers validation of binding as a measure of sense of agency.

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Section: Main Textsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intentional binding and higher order agency experience

Moore

Haggard

2010

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…In contrast to predictions one could derive from the above discussed research, Demanet et al found that greater effort increased temporal binding, therefore implying a stronger implicit sense of agency under conditions of high task-unrelated physical effort. These findings were attributed to the notion that effortful actions boost the interoceptive sensory-motor information of willed effort, which may act as a cue to self-agency (Haggard et al, 2002;Lafargue & Franck, 2009;Vierkant, 2014).…”

Section: Sense Of Agency and Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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We investigated the effect of effort on implicit agency ascription for actions performed under varying levels of physical effort or cognitive load. People are able to estimate the interval between two events accurately, but they underestimate the interval between their own actions and their outcomes. This effect is known as 'intentional binding', and may provide feedback regarding the consequences of our actions. Concurrently with the interval reproduction task, our participants pulled sports resistance bands at high and low resistance levels (Experiments 1 and 2), or performed a working memory task with high and low set-sizes (Experiment 3).Intentional binding was greater under low than high effort. When the effort was task-related (Experiment 1), this effect depended on the individual's explicit appraisal of exertion, while the effect of effort was evident at the group level when the effort was task-unrelated (physical, Experiment 2; mental, Experiment 3). These findings imply that the process of intentional binding is compromised when cognitive resources are depleted, either through physical or mental strain. We discuss this notion in relation to the integration of direct sensorimotor feedback with signals of agency and other instances of cognitive resource depletion and action control during strain.Keywords: Sense of agency, temporal binding, intentional binding, experience of effort, time perception. EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 3 Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agencyIt is important that the human motor system can efficiently process events which are the result of its own actions, and to discriminate these from events in the world for which it is not responsible. For instance, if I kick a ball and it knocks over and smashes a vase of flowers, I know my action of kicking the ball was responsible for the vase smashing. Selfauthored events like this tend to be easy to identify and this feeling that 'I did it' is known as a sense of agency. Some actions are more effortful than others; kicking a ball as hard as one can might break a vase, but so might brushing one's arm against it as one walks past it precariously positioned near the edge of a table. Both these actions have the same outcome, but might require the action monitoring system to respond differently in order to correctly ascribe agency. Here, we tested the role of physical and mental effort on the ascription of sense of agency, using an implicit measure.

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Overground Gait Training With a Wearable Robot in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Choi,

Kim,

Hong

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceCerebral palsy (CP) is the most common developmental motor disorder in children. Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) using a wearable robot can provide intensive overground walking experience.ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of overground RAGT in children with CP using an untethered, torque-assisted, wearable exoskeletal robot.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter, single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted from September 1, 2021, to March 31, 2023, at 5 rehabilitation institutions in Korea. Ninety children with CP in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels II to IV were randomized.InterventionThe RAGT group underwent 18 sessions of RAGT during 6 weeks, whereas the control group received standard physical therapy for the same number of sessions during the same period.Main Outcome and MeasuresThe primary outcome measure was the Gross Motor Function Measure 88 (GMFM-88) score. Secondary outcome measures were the GMFM-66, Pediatric Balance Scale, selective control assessment of the lower extremity, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory–Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT), 6-minute walking test scores (distance and oxygen consumption), muscle and fat mass via bioelectrical impedance analysis, and gait parameters measured via 3-dimensional analysis. All assessments were performed for all patients at baseline, at the end of the 6-week intervention, and after the 4-week follow-up.ResultsOf the 90 children (mean [SD] age, 9.51 [2.48] years; 49 [54.4%] male and 41 [45.6%] female) in the study, 78 (86.7%) completed the intervention, with 37 participants (mean [SD] age, 9.57 [2.38] years; 19 [51.4%] male) and 41 participants (mean [SD] age, 9.32 [2.37] years; 26 [63.4%] male) randomly assigned to the RAGT and control groups, respectively. Changes in the RAGT group significantly exceeded changes in the control group in GMFM-88 total (mean difference, 2.64; 95% CI, 0.50-4.78), GMFM-E (mean difference, 2.70; 95% CI, 0.08-5.33), GMFM-66 (mean difference, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.01-2.60), and PEDI-CAT responsibility domain scores (mean difference, 2.52; 95% CI, 0.42-4.63), indicating independence in daily living at postintervention assessment. At the 4-week follow-up, the RAGT group showed significantly greater improvements in balance control (mean difference, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.03-2.94) and Gait Deviation Index (mean difference, 6.48; 95% CI, 2.77-10.19) compared with the control group.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial, overground RAGT using a wearable robot significantly improved gross motor function and gait pattern. This new torque-assisted wearable exoskeletal robot, based on assist-as-needed control, may complement standard rehabilitation by providing adequate assistance and therapeutic support to children with CP.Trial RegistrationCRIS Identifier: KCT0006273

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Voluntary action and conscious awareness

Cited by 1,280 publications

References 13 publications

Intentional binding and higher order agency experience

Intentional binding and higher order agency experience

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

Overground Gait Training With a Wearable Robot in Children With Cerebral Palsy

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