Volumetric Analysis of Oxidized Lipids

High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy as a Structural and Analytical Tool for Unsaturated Lipids in Solution

“…Free fatty acids (FFAs) in oils, waxes and various pharmaceutical excipients [ 129 ] arise from several processes including: (i) the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides (TAGs) during production and storage of the oil, (ii) handling of the row material and (iii) secondary oxidation of unsaturated aldehydes or other oxidation products originating from the cleavage of lipid hydroperoxides resulting in the formation of short chain FFAs [ 130 ].…”

Oxidative Stability of Fats and Oils Measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Food and Industrial Applications

“…Some of the available methods allow quantifying one or more reaction products of the different oxidation stages. Methods, such as oxidative stability index (OSI) and peroxide value (PV) are officially accepted by the American of Analytical Communities (AOAC) [1][2][3][4][5][6], while other methods are routinely used, such as the Racimat, chemilominescent, and volumetric methods [16].…”

“…in an open pan -β = 5-20˚C/min -Flow rate = 166 mL/min -Corn: E a = 69.5±9.7; A = 1.25x108 -Linseed: E a = 132.7±8.8; A = 1.15x1016 Onset temperature -Corn +47 mmol O 2 /kg = 146˚C -Corn + 70 mmol O 2 /kg = 142˚C -Corn + 93 mmol O 2 /kg = 137˚C -Corn + 136 mmol O 2 /kg = 137˚C -Corn + 145 mmol O 2 /kg = 128˚C -Corn + 158 mmol O 2 /kg = 127˚C -Linseed + 31 mmol O 2 /kg = 144˚C -Linseed + 119 mmol O 2 /kg = 131˚C -Linseed + 180 mmol O 2 /kg = 129˚C -Linseed + 252 mmol O 2 /kg = 125˚C -Linseed + 349 mmol O 2 /kg = 117˚C -Linseed + 383 mmol O 2 /kg = 121˚C [56] Linolenic acid and soy lecithin -50-300˚C -5 mg in an open pan -β = 2-20˚C/min -Flow rate = 6600 mL/min-Linolenic: E a from T on : 65±4; A = 2.3x107 ; k 100˚C = 0.016 -Linolenic: E a from T p : 78.9±6.9; A = 9.9x107 -Lecithin: E a from T on : 97±8l; A = 2.4x1011 ; k 100˚C = 0.001 -Linolenic: E a from T p : 141.4±4; A = 9in an open pan -β = 2, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15˚C/min -Flow rate = 100 mL/min -From onset: E a = 90.6; A = 3.4x109 ; k 225˚C = 0.97 -From 1st peak: E a = 88.5; A = 1.4x109 ; k 225˚C = 0.90 -From 2nd peak: E a = 84.6; A = 4.4x107 ; k 225˚C = 1in an open pan -β = 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15˚C/min -Flow rate = 100 mL/min -E a calculated from T on : 72-104; A = 3.31x10 8 -1.1x10 12 ; k 120˚C = 0.09-0.015 [59] Blends of soybean/AMF -100 to 350˚C -5-15 mg in an open pan -β = 2.5-12.5˚C/min -Flow rate = 100 mL/min Soybean/AMF -100/0: E a = 93.5; A = 1.25.6x10 10 ; k 200˚C = 0.57 -90/10: E a = 59.5; A = 2.5x10 6 ; k 200˚C = 0.68 -80/20: E a = 58.4; A = 2.1x10 6 ; k 200˚C = 0.71 -70/30: E a = 64.5; A = 1.1x10 7 ; k 200˚C = 0.80 -60/40: E a = 70.2; A = 5.2x10 7 ; k 200˚C = 0.88 -50/50: E a = 73.2; A = 1.1x10 8 ; k 200˚C = 0.95 -40/60: E a = 102.7; A = 2.6x10 11 ; k 200˚C = 1.18 -30/70: E a = 102.8; A = 2.7x10 11 ; k 200˚C = 1.20 -20/80: E a = 105.8; A = 5.3x10 11 ; k 200˚C = 1.26 -10/90: E a = 117.4; A = 1.4x10 13 ; k 200˚C = 1.55 -0/100: E a = 89.5; A = 8.4x10 9 ; k 200˚C = 1.09 [62] Oleic, erucic, linoleic, linolenic and their ethyl esters and glycerol trioleate and trilinoleate -Temperature = 50-300˚C -5 mg in an open pan -β = 2-20˚C/min -Flow rate = 600 mL/min -Erucic: E a = 89.6±4.4; A = 4.9 x10 10 ; k 90˚C = 0.006 -Oleic: E a = 88.4±4.7; A = 1.0 x10 11 ; k 90˚C = 0.021 -Oleate: E a = 95±4.7; A = 9.4 x10 10 ; k 90˚C = 0.002 -Trioleate: E a = 91.8±13.3; A = 4.4 x10 10 ; k 90˚C = 0.002 -Linoleic: E a = 72±2.9; A = 1.6 x10 9 ; k 90˚C = 0.071 -Linoleate: E a = 76.4±5; A = 2.4x10 9 ; k 90˚C = 0.024 -Trilinoleate: E a = 74.3±3; A = 9.6x10 8 ; k 90˚C = 0.020 -Linolenic: E a = 62.4±3.7; A = 2.6x10 8 ; k 90˚C = 0.027 -Linolenate: E a = 74.5±8.2; A = 4.2x10 9 ; k 90˚C = 0in an sealed pan -β = 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15˚C/min -Flow rate = 50 mL/min -Low CLA: E a = 146.5; A = 4.1x10 14 ; k 200˚C = 0.026 -Med CLA: E a = 112.4; A = 3.6x10 10 ; k 200˚C = 0.014 -High CLA: E a = 87.6; A = 6.3x10 7 ; k 200˚C = 0.013 [9] Cotton, corn, canola, safflower, high oleic safflower, high -1-1.5 mg in a sealed pan -β = 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20˚C/min -Cotton: E a = 63.3; A = 9.2x10 6 ; k = 0.37 -Corn: E a = 77.7; A = 2.4x10 8 ; k = 0.43 [7] Lipid Experimental protocol Kinetics parameters (E a , kJ/mol; A min -1 ; k, min) Ref. linoleic safflower, high oleic sunflower, soybean and sunflower -Canola: E a = 88.4; A = 7.6x10 9 ; k = 0.51 -Sufflower: E a = 75.2; A = 1.8x10 8 ; k = 0.44 -High oleic sufflower: E a = 88.7; A = 3.1x10 9 ; k = 0.48 -High linoleic suff...…”