Volume sensing properties of open-ended coaxial probes for dielectric spectroscopy of breast tissue

Popovic, D.; Okoniewski, M.; Hagl, D.; Booske, John H.; Hagness, Susan C.

doi:10.1109/aps.2001.958841

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In the subsequent years, dielectric measurement instrumentation and procedures were further improved. Specifically, the volume of the sample interrogated by the probe was investigated to accurately assign the acquired dielectric data to the actual tissue contributing to the dielectric measurement [ 70 , 71 , 72 ]. Based on the analysis of the probe sensing volume, precision probes were manufactured for localised dielectric spectroscopy of both low and high permittivity tissues [ 73 ].…”

Section: Tissue Dielectric Properties: Background and Relevant Wormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The open-ended coaxial probe has become the most commonly used method to measure the dielectric properties of tissues for several reasons: The method is simple; sample handling is minimal and non-destructive; and both ex vivo and in vivo measurements over a broad frequency range are possible [ 39 , 42 , 43 , 72 , 94 ]. However, the open-ended coaxial method assumes a homogeneous sample that is in good contact with the probe; therefore, air bubbles and uneven sample surfaces can result in inaccurate measurements [ 95 ], and heterogeneous samples present a particular challenge.…”

Section: Measurement Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Dielectric Measurement of Biological Tissues: Challenges and Common Practices

et al. 2018

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Electromagnetic (EM) medical technologies are rapidly expanding worldwide for both diagnostics and therapeutics. As these technologies are low-cost and minimally invasive, they have been the focus of significant research efforts in recent years. Such technologies are often based on the assumption that there is a contrast in the dielectric properties of different tissue types or that the properties of particular tissues fall within a defined range. Thus, accurate knowledge of the dielectric properties of biological tissues is fundamental to EM medical technologies. Over the past decades, numerous studies were conducted to expand the dielectric repository of biological tissues. However, dielectric data is not yet available for every tissue type and at every temperature and frequency. For this reason, dielectric measurements may be performed by researchers who are not specialists in the acquisition of tissue dielectric properties. To this end, this paper reviews the tissue dielectric measurement process performed with an open-ended coaxial probe. Given the high number of factors, including equipment- and tissue-related confounders, that can increase the measurement uncertainty or introduce errors into the tissue dielectric data, this work discusses each step of the coaxial probe measurement procedure, highlighting common practices, challenges, and techniques for controlling and compensating for confounders.

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Section: Tissue Dielectric Properties: Background and Relevant Wormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurement Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Dielectric Measurement of Biological Tissues: Challenges and Common Practices

et al. 2018

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“…Paddy waste is a known non-magnetic material [14]. Measured ε' and ε" of boards fabricated using a varying UF and PF resins' concentrations (10 %, 30 % and 50 %) are given in Table 3.…”

Section: Comparison Free Space Measurement Technique and High Temperamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The antenna size influences the transmitter-receiver distance, a smaller antenna size results in a shorter distance between the two antennas. The length of the coaxial cable must also be considered, since a longer cable results in a higher attenuation and a weaker signal at the transmitting horn [14][15][16]. The two antennas are directed into the line of sight (LOS) path and polarized horizontally relative to the MUT to ensure accuracy.…”

Section: Figure 12 Free Space Measurement Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calibration is done at both transmitter and receiver to remove undesired errors and ensure measurement accuracy. Full two-port calibrations using SOLT (Short -Open -Load -Through) standard is performed using the Agilent 85052 D 3.5 mm calibration kit, which contains test adapters and a torque wrench [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Figure 10 shows the coaxial cables and the calibration kit used for this purpose.…”

Section: Hardware Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternatives for PCB Laminates: Dielectric Properties' Measurements at Microwave Frequencies

Hoon¹,

Jack²,

Malek³

et al. 2012

Dielectric Material

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The Complex Permittivity of Biological Tissues: A Practical Measurement Guideline

Farrugia,

Porter,

Conceição

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Despite the significant number of studies published on the measurements of complex permittivity of biological tissues in the last thirty years, implementing a successful measurement program for dielectric measurements can still present a challenge for researchers. Most problems are not theoretical but of methodological or practical nature. In this article, lessons learned from experiences with goal-oriented measurements are presented by structuring them into practical guidelines for efficient and useful measurements of dielectric properties of biological tissues, aimed at addressing gaps in knowledge. Issues related to calibration, validation of the measurement system and data collection procedures are addressed from a practical perspective. This will help support reproducibility of measurements. In addition, guidelines for data analysis and data reporting are provided. The latter is also supported by a data analysis tool developed in MATLAB, made available as open source. This facilitates the harmonisation and merging of different datasets, ease of interpreting and re-using of data and comparison of data across studies. Additionally, a data repository is presented for uploading of dielectric data of biological tissues, along with the corresponding meta-data describing the experiments. These guidelines are the result of the work carried out by a dedicated working group in the project COST Action MyWAVE.INDEX TERMS complex permittivity, dielectric properties, electromagnetic medical devices, open-ended coaxial probe, tissues.

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Volume sensing properties of open-ended coaxial probes for dielectric spectroscopy of breast tissue

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Dielectric Measurement of Biological Tissues: Challenges and Common Practices

Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Dielectric Measurement of Biological Tissues: Challenges and Common Practices

Alternatives for PCB Laminates: Dielectric Properties' Measurements at Microwave Frequencies

The Complex Permittivity of Biological Tissues: A Practical Measurement Guideline

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