Volume Measurement of Single Trees

Gray, H.

doi:10.1080/00049158.1944.10675744

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Many trees had broken off at different heights and two additional diameter measures were made at known heights above ground level on all trees. From these measurements the parabolic height was assessed by the ' taper' line method (Gray, 1944) and this value was used to express the height and volume of individual trees.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera, Siricidae), in Pinus radiata

Madden

1975

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The development of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F., in a 30-year-old population of Pinus radiata in Tasmania was traced by growth ring analysis of killed trees. The outbreak probably developed from small foci; it reached its peak when the trees were 18-19 years old and then declined rapidly. Attack per tree was directly related to the density of emergents from trees killed in the previous season and the intensity of oviposition drilling was modified by the rainfall during the emergence season; the frequency of treble oviposition drills was directly related to summer rainfall. Survival of insects within trees declined with the years; this was related to the greater vigour and resistance of the surviving trees, but was apparently modified by spring rainfall. Resinosis and polyphenols associated with growth rings in stems living in 1964 indicated an increase in the proportion of trees resisting attack during the outbreak. The growth patterns of attacked and unattacked trees, and the obvious susceptibility of the weaker understorey trees, are discussed and due attention to site quality and plantation management are recommended to reduce Sirex attack in future. IntroductionThe woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F., was first discovered in Australian softwood plantations in a 1092-ha plantation of Pinus radiata at Pittwater, Tasmania, in February 1952(Gilbert & Miller, 1952. During emergency quarantine measures, the pest became established and was subsequently discovered in the mainland state of Victoria in 1960 -61 (Irvine, 1962.The Pittwater plantation was established during 1929-35 on a peninsula of dune sands with a water table at approximately 2-4 m. The plantation was clear felled during 1952-67, and the Sirex population is at present confined to areas of natural regeneration. Sirex caused considerable losses before the felling programme was completed.Trees are attacked by Sirex females during the summer and autumn. These trees may be recognised superficially by the appearance of small beads of resin on the trunk although detailed inspection of the bark is required to confirm the presence of oviposition drills. The arthrospores of the symbiotic fungus, Amylostereum areolatum, and a mucosecretion are inoculated into the tree during drilling, and the combined effect of these two materials results in the death of susceptible trees (Coutts, 1969a,b). The phytotoxic effect of Sirex attack is indicated by the development of leaf chlorosis a short time after attack.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera, Siricidae), in Pinus radiata

Madden

1975

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…Selle valemi miinuseks on tüükaosa laienemise puudumine ehk tüvemoodustaja ei ole S-kujuline. Gray (1944) kasutas puu mahu arvutamisel reeglit, mille järgi puu ristlõike pindala ja kõrguse suhe erinevatel kõrgustel on lineaarne. Selle valemi võib kirjutada järgmiselt:…”

Section: üLevaade Tüvemoodustaja Võrranditestunclassified

Ozolinši tüvemoodustaja matemaatiline analüüs ja modifitseerimise võimalused Hiiumaa männikute näitel

Padari

2020

Forestry Studies

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This paper discloses algorithms for calculating the volume and lateral area of a stem or part of the stem (assortment) using the integral of the Ozolinš’ stem taper curve. An algorithm was also developed to change the taper curve constants in case another diameter was measured higher than the breast height. The experiment was performed with 580 Scots pines (Pinus Sylvestris L.) measured in Hiiumaa, which included height, diameter at breast height and diameter from the root collar at a height of 5 m. The volumes of tree stem and assortments were estimated with both – the original and corrected (with the measured additional diameter) Ozolinš’ taper curve. Using the original Ozolinš’ taper curve, the stem volume of pines in Hiiumaa is estimated at 4% higher according to the analysis results of 580 measured trees. In the case of Hiiumaa Scots pines (Pinus Sylvestris L.), it is recommended to use 119.717, −289.805 and 1152.016 as the values of the coefficients a0, a1 and a2, respectively, of the Ozolinš’ taper curve equation. In conclusion, for a more accurate assessment of the forest reserve, it is recommended to measure one additional diameter at 5 to 8 m above the root collar on some or all trees.

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“…Height and diameter of individual trees are positively correlated (Gray, 1944), and the respiratory rates of trees of different sizes varied widely. The respiration of the bark at different heights in the same tree also varied, and it was found that rates increased to a maximum at a height (which was related to diameter or tree size), and then declined; e.g.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological reactions ofPinus radiatato attack by woodwasp,Sirex noctilioF. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

Madden

1977

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Physiological studies of Pinus radiata damaged artificially and of others attacked by Sirex noctilio F. indicated that temporary disturbances of the normal physiology of the host trees produce potential breeding sites for the woodwasp. Different physiological processes within trees were monitored after treatment and attack; these included changes in translocation, transpiration, phloem respiration and osmotic and moisture content. The response of the S. noctilio to trees baited with phloem extracts or monoterpene solutions was investigated. The results of these studies, together with the published findings of other workers on the effects of insect secretions on trees and the resistance phenomenon, were interpreted into a general hypothesis of the interaction of the insect with the host tree. It was found that damage impaired translocation and enhanced transpiration and phloem respiration. These changes resulted in changes in tissue permeability and increased the rates of monoterpene and water vapour loss through the bark. The attraction of S. noctilio to trees was related to these changes, and the lowered osmotic status of the phloem favoured egg deposition. Drilling also was accompanied by the secretion of arthrospores of the symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum and mucus, which inhibited translocation. High water tensions in stressed trees favoured fungus invasion, and low turgor resulting from the permeability changes minimised resinosis at oviposition sites. Successful establishment of the fungus, together with the effects of the mucus, resulted in tree death and the creation of a suitable milieu for Sirex development. The hypothesis proposes that the outcome of any attack is related to the duration and effects of the initial stressor on the tree and the tree's ability to moderate these effects. The response in the physiology of individual trees to stress affects the probability of attack while the resultant interaction between insect and tree determines the intensity of drilling, arthrospore and mucus load, and tree susceptibility or resistance to that attack.

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Volume Measurement of Single Trees

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

An analysis of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera, Siricidae), in Pinus radiata

An analysis of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera, Siricidae), in Pinus radiata

Ozolinši tüvemoodustaja matemaatiline analüüs ja modifitseerimise võimalused Hiiumaa männikute näitel

Physiological reactions ofPinus radiatato attack by woodwasp,Sirex noctilioF. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

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