Volume changes in a filled elastomer studied via digital image correlation

Crevoisier, Jordan de; Besnard, Gilles; Merckel, Yannick; Zhang, Huan; Caillard, Julien; Vion-Loisel, Fabien; Berghezan, Daniel; Creton, Costantino; Diani, Julie; Brieu, Mathias; Hild, François; Roux, Stéphane

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.04.003

Cited by 38 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This result has been corroborated by other studies cited in [4]. Assuming that the material softening is due to damage within the rubber matrix, the average molecular weight of the network chains, characterized by swelling tests, should increase significantly.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Recent experiments measuring the macroscopic volume change during cyclic uniaxial tension [4] have shown that while vacuoles form upon the first stretch, they do not reopen during the subsequent loadings and therefore the mechanical softening cannot be explained by the presence of voids. This result has been corroborated by other studies cited in [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Díaz

Diani

Pierre

2014

Polymer

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. A 40 phr carbon-black filled styrene butadiene rubber has been submitted to several experiments in order to identify the physical damage responsible for the mechanical softening recorded upon first stretch. Damage in the rubber matrix was determined by swelling. The filler structure alteration was monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. Both damages are shown to be of minor importance compared to the substantial mechanical softening undergone by the material. Degradation at the rubber-filler interface may be recovered by exposing the material at high temperatures in vacuo.The chain mobility in such storage conditions promotes free chain adsorption at the filler surface. The existence of a layer of polymer whose movements are hindered adds to the filler reinforcement and its desorption creates Mullins softening.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Díaz

Diani

Pierre

2014

Polymer

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“…A very similar behavior was observed in a natural rubber matrix filled with the same type of CB. 35 These results have also been quantitatively confirmed by macroscopic volume variation tests [33][34][35][36] and provide a mechanistic proof of earlier reports of volume change of filled elastomers in uniaxial tension. 37,38 Such nanocavities and the associated change in volume in uniaxial extension is unusual for rubbers and was only observed for large values of extension k. In the case of the crack tip, the high stress strongly promotes the nucleation of nanovoids in the tip region, which may further lead to the ligaments structure revealed during crack propagation.…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

Nanocavitation around a crack tip in a soft nanocomposite: A scanning microbeam small angle X-ray scattering study

Zhang

Scholz

Crevoisier

et al. 2014

J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys.

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We explore nanocavitation around the crack tip region in a styrene-butadiene random copolymer filled with typical carbon black (CB) particles used in the rubber industry for toughening the rubber. Using quasistatic loading conditions and a highly collimated X-ray microbeam scanned around the crack tip, we demonstrate the existence of a damage zone consisting of nanovoids in a filled elastomer matrix. The existence of voids near the crack tip is demonstrated by a significant increase of the scattering invariant Q/Q 0 in front of both fatigued and fresh cracks. The size of the zone where cavities are present critically depends on the macroscopic strain e m , the loading history, and the maximum energy release rate G applied to accommodate the crack. Our findings show that nanovoiding occurs before fracture in typical CB-filled elastomers and that realistic crack propagation models for such elastomers should take into account a certain level of compressibility near the crack tip.

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“…From the displacement of droplet barycenters, one can compute the axial strain ε yy = ( Y/L 0 ), the transversal one ε xx = ( X/l 0 ) and the Poisson's ratio = − (ε xx /ε yy ). Notice that although the Poisson's ratio is generally assumed to be constant, near to 0.5 (incompressibility), some research has shown that volume changes occur within elastometric materials during deformation processes and are attributed to damage mechanisms [40,41,35,42] -so the Poisson's ratio decreases with deformation, depending on the damage. Thus, for the sake of clarity we define the initial and the ruptured Poisson's ratios, meaning the undamaged and damage ratio.…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much work has been done into the investigation of the mechanical properties of PDMS and their potential tunability [26,28,21,29,30,16,31,32,17,33,4,[34][35][36][37]. The largest observed tensile stiffness, using 10:1 PDMS, to date is less than 4 MPa [30] after 7 days post-baking at 100 • C and less than 3 MPa for post-baking at 200 • C during 18 min [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended PDMS stiffness range for flexible systems

Seghir

Arscott

2015

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

147

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a b s t r a c tThe use of polymers in the context of flexible systems such as flexible sensors leads to an incompatibility issue: on the one hand, the flexibility of the polymer must not be to the detriment of the fabrication process, e.g. excessive thermal expansion leading to process failure and on the other hand, certain applications will require high flexibility and also a specific mechanical stiffness, e.g. artificial skin, smart clothes, flexible screen. In other words, a compromise is necessary between rigidy for processing and controlled flexibility for applications. In this context it is crutial to be able to tune the mechanical properties of such polymers. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a very versatile and useful soft polymeric material -Elastic modulus typically ≈1 MPa. This paper investigates the stiffness tunability of PDMS by varying the hardening agent to PDMS base ratio over 19:1 to 2:1, and using two extreme curing processes, i.e. 120 min at 100 • C and 2 days at 165 • C. It was observed that the stiffness of PDMS can be accurately controlled from 800 kPa to 10 MPa with a rupture limit higher than 20%. To our knowledge this is the highest reported elastic modulus in PDMS by combining mixing ratio and curing temperature. The impact of such a stiffness variation on potential functional properties such as the rupture limit, Poisson's ratio and material's wetting contact angle is also analysed. We observe that the wetting contact angle depends on the bulk mechanical properties of the PDMS. The observations will be of use to all technological communities who are engaged in using PDMS-type polymers for their specific applications.

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Volume changes in a filled elastomer studied via digital image correlation

Cited by 38 publications

References 39 publications

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Nanocavitation around a crack tip in a soft nanocomposite: A scanning microbeam small angle X-ray scattering study

Extended PDMS stiffness range for flexible systems

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