Voltammetric Quantification of the Antibiotic Roxarsone using a Surface‐Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode

Abstract

Herein, we report the electrochemical determination of roxarsone (ROX) on modified screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPCE). Graphene oxide was reduced electrochemically on the working area of SPCE using cyclic voltammetry (CV) to form electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO), followed by electrochemical deposition of gold (Au) on ErGO/SPCE to get a final modified electrode Au/ErGO/SPCE. The modified electrode offered a significant surface area and improved electron transfer capability; hence it was used as an electrochemical sensor for the determination of ROX which is commonly used in meat production and poultry as a supplement to increase weight and improve feed efficiency. The effect of pH on the electrochemical behaviour of ROX on the Au/ErGO/SPCE was investigated by (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimum experimental conditions, the linear calibration range, the limit of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 1 μmol L−1–1000 μmol L−1, 14.4 nmol L−1, and 47.9 nmol L−1 respectively. The proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to determine low concentrations of ROX in lab samples as well as in real meat (spiked) samples. Overall, a good recovery rate and accuracy were obtained, endorsing onsite use of the developed sensor for quick and accurate analysis.

Diclofenac-Impregnated Mesoporous Carbon-Based Electrode Material for the Analysis of the Arsenic Drug Roxarsone

“…The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated as LOD = 3SD a /b and LOQ = 10SD a /b [43] were 9.6 × 10 −11 and 3.2 × 10 −10 M, respectively. Table 3 compares the analytical parameters of the developed procedure with those previously described in the literature for other voltammetric sensors [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. As can be seen, we obtained a very wide range of linearity of the calibration curve and additionally the lowest limit of detection in comparison to those that had been described in the literature thus far.…”

“…Many of them are chromatographic methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) [8,9]. Many voltammetric procedures for ROX determination have been presented in the literature [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Voltammetric methods are Materials 2023, 16, 5420 2 of 17 characterized by very high sensitivity.…”

Design and fabrication of La-based perovskites incorporated with functionalized carbon nanofibers for the electrochemical detection of roxarsone in water and food samples

“…The reduction current also decreased at alkaline pH levels (9–11) because there are fewer protons available for RSN reduction with an increase in the pH. 41 Fig. 6(b) shows the corresponding bar diagram of pH versus the reduction current.…”

“…This indicates that the reaction for the electrochemical reduction of RSN is a diffusion-controlled mechanism. According to the literature, 41 the reduction mechanism involves four protons and four electrons, which is related to the nitro group being reduced to hydroxylamine. The reaction mechanism is exhibited in Scheme 2.…”