Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Qualitative Analysis of Beers

Abstract

This paper deals with the application of a voltammetric electronic tongue (ET) towards beers classification. For this purpose, samples were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry without performing any sample pretreatment, albeit its dilution with distilled water. The voltammetric signals were first preprocessed employing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Then, using the obtained coefficients, responses were evaluated using three different clustering techniques: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS‐DA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). In this case, the ET has demonstrated a good capability to correctly discriminate and classify the different beer samples according to its type (Lager, Stout and IPA) and manufacture process (commercial and craft).

Detection and Diagnosis of Various Contaminants in an Electroplating Bath by a Voltammetric Sensor: a Case Study

“…The classification method presented in [10] is conceptually somewhat similar to electronic tongues, especially to that utilizing voltammetric sensors [11]. However, instead of typically used arrays of electrodes [11,12], this system relies on a single in-situ voltammetric sensor.…”

Resolution of galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose in sugarcane bagasse employing a voltammetric electronic tongue formed by metals oxy-hydroxide/MWCNT modified electrodes

“…A new methodology in the sensors field is the use of sensors in arrays coupled with complex data treatment, that is, the use of electronic tongues; these are versatile sensor systems capable to simultaneously monitor the level of different analytes, or analytes in presence of their interferents, or to resolve mixtures of similar analytes [26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

“…[32]. Therefore, the electronic tongue is an analytical system applied to liquid analysis formed by a sensor array in order to generate multidimensional information, plus a chemometric processing tool to extract meaning from these complex data [27,33].…”

“…In these original works, originated at the laboratories of Prof. Winquist in Linkoping (Sweden), the sensor array was formed by an array of different metallic disc electrodes, and a scanning voltammetric technique was used to generate the analytical information [30]. The voltammetric principle has also been applied to develop electronic tongues since its early years, such as simultaneous identification and quantification of nitrocontaining explosives by advanced chemometric data treatment of cyclic voltammetry at screen-printed electrodes [28], instrumental measurement of wine sensory descriptors using a voltammetric electronic tongue [33], evaluation of red wines antioxidant capacity by means of a voltammetric e-tongue with an optimized sensor array [34], voltammetric electronic tongue for the qualitative analysis of beers [27] and cava wine authentication employing a voltammetric electronic tongue [35].…”

Bioelectronic tongues: New trends and applications in water and food analysis

“…voltammetric sensors was proposed byCetó et al to discriminate between craft and commercial beers(Cetó et al 2013c): craft beers are bottled with some sugar and yeast to promote a second fermentation that produces CO 2 in the bottle, and thus the excess of non-fermented sugar may indicate a craft-made beer(McKay et al 2010). Successful classification of beer samples was achieved after data modelling by means of LDA.Apart from amperometric (bio)sensors, potentiometric or impedimetric (bio)sensors have also been used for BioETs.…”