“…25 Various materials have been used as working electrodes in such devices: conductive glasses, 26 screen-printing, 27 glassy carbon, 28 ceramic carbon, 29 and carbon paste. 30,31 To increase the electroactive area and facilitate the kinetics of the electrode/solution interface, the electrodes have usually been modied with metal/ metal oxide nanoparticles, 32,33 carbon nanotubes, 34 graphene or GO, 18,35 or with hybrid silica-based materials. 36 For example, it was found that the addition of mesoporous silica (SBA-15) to a carbon paste electrode (CPE) can considerably enhance its sensitivity toward diethylstilbestrol, 37 by as much as immobilization of graphene on glassy carbon electrode.…”