Voltage Source Converter HVDC Links – The State of the Art and Issues Going Forward

Barnes, Mike; Beddard, Antony

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.092

Cited by 95 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In 2010, the Trans Bay cable project became the first VSC-HVDC scheme to use Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) technology [4]. Today, the main HVDC manufacturers offer a VSC-HVDC solution which is based on multi-level converter technology due to its superior efficiency.…”

Section: A Voltage Source Convertermentioning

confidence: 99%

HVDC grid control system based on autonomous converter control

Barnes¹,

Beddard²,

Barker³

et al. 2016

8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016)

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In this paper, the main layers of a HVDC control architecture based on autonomous converter control have been implemented and a range of tests have been conducted to assess the system's steady-state and transient performance.The simulation results show that the control system is able to accurately control DC power flow in steady-state and to maintain grid stability for fast transient events without exceeding the dynamic operating limits.

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Section: A Voltage Source Convertermentioning

confidence: 99%

HVDC grid control system based on autonomous converter control

Barnes¹,

Beddard²,

Barker³

et al. 2016

8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016)

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“…The main topologies of VSC can be classified as follows: Two-level VSC, Three-level VSC and Modular multilevel VSC (MMC) [15,16]. The MMC is the most recent HVDC solution and to some extent can be considered the state-of-the-art topology for high-power and high-voltage applications.…”

Section: Converters and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

North Sea offshore network and energy storage for large scale integration of renewables

Spro

Torres-Olguin

Korpås

2015

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

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This review investigates different aspects of the realization of a North Sea offshore grid. The North Sea region has several characteristics that make large-scale integration of renewable energy sources attractive, such as large wind resources and huge hydro reservoirs in the North. A meshed offshore grid with underwater storage can contribute to facilitate sufficient flexibility in the system. The technical review reveals some aspects that need more research, particularly regarding the protection schemes. Furthermore, offshore storage solutions are under development. However, most other aspects are covered by readily available solutions. The greatest challenges seem to lie within standardization, cost-benefit sharing and harmonization of regulatory regimes of the surrounding countries. Nevertheless, several studies have shown highly promising economic benefits of establishing an offshore grid in the North Sea compared to traditional planning of point-to-point connections only.Keywords: offshore grid, HVDC, grid integration, renewable, energy storage, North Sea IntroductionThe integration of renewable power generation implies new challenging issues for the grid such as variability of energy input, frequency response, system power balancing and power market design. Moreover, renewable resources are often located far from the load centers. For future scenarios new transmission infrastructure and energy storage is needed. Consequently, the grid will be more flexible and the security of supply will be ensured. Depending on the grid layout, distance from load centers and geography, few power grids today will support renewable integration above 10%-30% without an elevated risk of outages [1][2][3][4]. To increase the renewable penetration either grid extensions or storage should be added to the system. Optimally, a combination of the two are implemented [4]. The North Sea region could very well be a first mover towards integrated grid and storage planning for high renewable penetration levels. The grid will connect the Northern European mainland, the UK and Scandinavia, with the goals of:• Harvesting offshore wind • Interconnect Europe's energy markets to enhance security, stabilize prices and increase cost efficiency • Provide large scale hydro balancing power to markets with high penetration of variable renewable production • Implement deep-water energy storage to balance fluctuations In addition, the offshore grid can connect to energy consuming facilities in the North Sea, such as oil and gas platform at the Norwegian sector, and thus reduce regional CO 2 emissions further. For reference, the total emission for the power generation of the Norwegian oil and gas sector equaled more than 9 million tons CO2-eqvuivalents for 2010. The power comes mainly from open cycle gas turbines with an average efficiency of approximately 33%, about half of what a modern onshore gas plant can achieve today [5].

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“…Moreover, Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC technology is increasingly preferred due to the recent advances in efficiency and power rating [2,3] combined with the inherent capability for reactive power or voltage control. Thus, even point-to-point HVDC transmission schemes for bulk power transfer are currently being developed and built using VSC technology [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency‐dependent cable modelling for small‐signal stability analysis of VSC‐HVDC systems

Beerten

D’Arco

Suul

2016

IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

107

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State-of-the-art time-domain models of power cables account for the frequency dependency of physical parameters to enable accurate transient simulations of high voltage transmission schemes. Due to their formulation, these models cannot be directly converted into a state-space form as required for small-signal eigenvalue analysis. Thus, dc cables are commonly represented in HVDC power system stability studies by cascaded pi-section equivalents that neglect the frequency-dependent effects. This paper demonstrates how the conventional cascaded pi-section model is unable to accurately represent the damping characteristic of the cable and how this can lead to incorrect stability assessments. Furthermore, an alternative model consisting of cascaded pi-sections with multiple parallel branches is explored, which allows for a state-space representation while accounting for the frequency dependency of the cable parameters. The performance of the proposed model is benchmarked against state-of-the-art cable models both in the frequency domain and in the time domain. Finally, the paper provides a comparative example of the impact of the cable modelling on the small-signal dynamics of a point-to-point VSC HVDC transmission scheme.

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Voltage Source Converter HVDC Links – The State of the Art and Issues Going Forward

Cited by 95 publications

References 14 publications

HVDC grid control system based on autonomous converter control

HVDC grid control system based on autonomous converter control

North Sea offshore network and energy storage for large scale integration of renewables

Frequency‐dependent cable modelling for small‐signal stability analysis of VSC‐HVDC systems

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