Voltage relaxation and impedance spectroscopy as in-operando methods for the detection of lithium plating on graphitic anodes in commercial lithium-ion cells

Schindler, Stefan; Bauer, Marius; Petzl, Mathias; Danzer, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.044

Cited by 220 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…• C. These Post-Mortem results together with the electrochemical evaluation in Figure 1 substantiate the findings by Uhlmann et al, 40 Schindler et al, 30 and von Lüders et al 41 However, it must be critically discussed here that temperature might play a role in the shape of the voltage relaxation behavior, which was not investigated in detail yet. The finding that cycling at 0…”

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 85%

“…• C. This experiment is suggested from the works of Uhlmann et al 40 who did similar measurements in half cells, by Schindler et al who transferred this method to full cells, 30 and by von Lüders et al who finally correlated the voltage relaxation to Li plating by operando neutron diffraction experiments. 41 These previous studies suggest that the shape of the voltage relaxation curves indicate Li plating in the previous charging process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Li-ion cells are used in a variety of mobile and stationary applications. Their use must be safe under all conditions, even for aged cells in second-life applications. In the present study, different aging mechanisms are taken into account for accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) tests. 18650-type cells are cycled at 0 • C (Li plating expected) and at 45 • C (SEI growth expected). After extensive evaluation of the electrochemical results (voltage curve analysis, capacity fade, energy fade, Coulombic efficiency), the cells are tested by PostMortem analysis (CT, GD-OES, SEM) to reveal the main aging mechanisms and by ARC to test the safety behavior. Besides typical ARC results such as onset-of-self-heating, onset-of-thermal runaway and maximum temperatures, as well as acoustic responses of thermal runaway are evaluated and a method is developed to compare fresh cells and cells aged until different SOHs. It turns out that the safety of aged cells is not simply a function of the SOH. However, safety is strongly affected by the main aging mechanism and to the history of operating parameters during the life-time of the cell. Driven by the demand for higher capacity, lower volume, and lower weight, Li-ion technology was developed in the 1980s.1,2 Nowadays, Li-ion technology is used for energy storage in a large variety of applications, e.g. smartphones, tablets, or drones. In particular, electric vehicles in combination with renewable energy sources are promising for reducing climate change and the corresponding glacier melting and sea level rise which is influenced by burning fossil fuels.3-6 For all applications, the safety behavior under all specified operating conditions is most important.7-9 The same is true for aged Li-ion cells used in second-life applications, for example cells which are utilized in stationary energy storage applications after their usage in electric cars.In the past, failure of Li-ion cells led to product recalls which are very expensive for the manufacturers and unsettle customers, even if such incidents happen only in very few cases (ppm range).10 At the moment, safety tests have to be performed with Li-ion prototypes cells before market release. In these tests, fresh cells are always used, however, aged cells are usually neglected. Even if fresh cells show an acceptable safety behavior, this can change for aged cells. 7,[11][12][13][14][15] While some authors observed decreases for certain safety properties, 7,11,12 others found improvements. 12,13,15 It is well known that aging mechanisms change the properties of the materials inside Li-ion cells. [16][17][18][19] Operating conditions and materials have a strong influence on these aging mechanisms. 12,[20][21][22][23] We recently reported on a change of the aging mechanism with temperature for cycling aging of commercial 18650-type cells with graphite anodes and NMC/LMO cathodes. 20 This mechanism change is expressed by a V-shape in Arrhenius plots of the capacity fade rates obtained from cycling at different ambient temperatures. 20 This c...

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Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Lower temperatures favor lithium plating at the end of the charging process. Many researchers [9][10][11][12][13] have identified lithium plating using either in-situ or ex-situ methods in cycled lithium-ion cells at low temperature, but none of them has reported cathode degradation under this condition.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Temperature and Discharge Rate on the Aging of a LiCoO₂/LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell

Keil

Schuster

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper presents a lithium-ion battery aging study in which pouch cells comprising a LiCoO 2 /LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 blended cathode and a graphite anode are examined. The study focuses on the impact of temperature and discharge rate on the cycle life of the tested cells. Compared to the aging behavior of other lithium-ion cells in the literature, the cells tested here are less sensitive to the discharge rate but more vulnerable to low temperature cycling. The vulnerability to low temperature mainly comes from cathode degradation, especially of the LiCoO 2 component. This is identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, differential voltage analysis and incremental capacity analysis. The cells are able to achieve 3000-5000 cycles before reaching a capacity fade of 20%, also at higher discharge rates up to 5C. All in all, the high discharge rate capability could be a general advantage of pouch cells due to less mechanical and thermal stress in their geometry. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the cathode health in low temperature applications of lithium-ion cells containing layered oxides. This paper focuses mainly on non-invasive aging detection methods for lithium-ion cells. Post-mortem results will be published in a following paper.

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“…In Figure 3(a) the results of EIS at 70% SOC where the dark grey dots after cycling at 70% SOC and the light blue dots after cycling at 30% SOC are illustrated. At lower frequency as approximately 1 Hz the diffusion limiting process is observed [40].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ageing Behavior of LiNi0.80 Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode Based Lithium Ion Cells—Influence of Phase Transition Processes

Betzin¹,

Wolfschmidt²

2018

MSA

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In this paper, commercial lithium ion battery cells consisting of graphite based anode and LiNi 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) oxide based cathode were investigated regarding their aging behavior. The capacity loss is dependent on the state of charge (SOC) whereas the battery is operated with partial cycles at defined SOCs. The structural change of the positive electrode material is identified as dominating aging process. Especially grid services such as primary control reserve are of economic interest for battery system operators. In this application, small charge and discharge cycles are the main operation mode. Considering the operation of single battery storage systems in a virtual storage power plant, different states of charges are much more of interest. Thus the battery aging behavior of lithium ion cells with NCA based cathode material with respect to cycling at specific state of charge with small depth of discharge (DOD) is investigated. The results in this paper provide understanding of small DOD cycling at given SOC behavior which is necessary for NCA lifetime prediction in this particular case, especially in virtual storage plant with various storage systems and thus various SOCs for delivery primary reserve the small DOD behavior which has an important impact on efficiency and economy. It is a key finding, which aging mechanisms are essential in order to optimize the cell operation and adapt it to system performance.

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Voltage relaxation and impedance spectroscopy as in-operando methods for the detection of lithium plating on graphitic anodes in commercial lithium-ion cells

Cited by 220 publications

References 38 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Impact of Temperature and Discharge Rate on the Aging of a LiCoO₂/LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell

Ageing Behavior of LiNi<SUB>0.80</SUB> Co<SUB>0.15</SUB>Al<SUB>0.05</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> Cathode Based Lithium Ion Cells—Influence of Phase Transition Processes

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Voltage relaxation and impedance spectroscopy as in-operando methods for the detection of lithium plating on graphitic anodes in commercial lithium-ion cells

Cited by 220 publications

References 38 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Impact of Temperature and Discharge Rate on the Aging of a LiCoO2/LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell

Ageing Behavior of LiNi&lt;SUB&gt;0.80&lt;/SUB&gt; Co&lt;SUB&gt;0.15&lt;/SUB&gt;Al&lt;SUB&gt;0.05&lt;/SUB&gt;O&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; Cathode Based Lithium Ion Cells—Influence of Phase Transition Processes

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Impact of Temperature and Discharge Rate on the Aging of a LiCoO₂/LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell

Ageing Behavior of LiNi<SUB>0.80</SUB> Co<SUB>0.15</SUB>Al<SUB>0.05</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> Cathode Based Lithium Ion Cells—Influence of Phase Transition Processes