“…On the other hand, nonradiative recombination losses (Δ V nr ) could also vary depending on the illumination intensity, as the dominant recombination mechanism for charge carriers in OPV devices could change from bimolecular recombination to trap-assisted or other nonemissive recombination mechansims. , The increase in trap-assisted recombination losses in the OPV device with decreasing illumination intensity leads to an increase in Δ V nr , significantly limiting the performance of OPV devices under low illumination intensities, and this critical issue has not received much attention today. Therefore, to further enhance the V OC and improve the performance of OPV devices under low-illumination conditions, a better understanding regarding the voltage losses, and the recombination mechanisms of charge carriers in the devices under low illumination intensity needs to be gained, and an effective approach to increase V OC needs to be developed.…”