VolKilau: Volcano Rapid Response Balloon Campaign during the 2018 Kilauea Eruption

Vernier, Jean‐Paul; Kalnajs, L.; Diaz, J. A.; Reese, T.; Corrales, Ernesto; Alan, Alfredo; Vernier, Hazel; Holland, Lauren; Patel, Anil; Rastogi, Neeraj; Wienhold, F. G.; Carn, S. A.; Krotkov, Nickolay A.; Murray, John

doi:10.1175/bams-d-19-0011.1

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, at Volcano village, while concentrations of SO 2 gas and sulphate are both much lower than atsource (assumed to be caused by dilution of the plume by background atmosphere), SO 2 gas concentrations have decreased much more than sulphate (80% versus 10% of source concentration, respectively). This may be due to vertical stratification of S species in the plume 44 -if SO 2 is transported at higher altitudes than sulphate, we might expect SO 2 to be less concentrated at ground-level sampling stations. Beyond Volcano village SO 2 concentrations continue to decrease consistently, but from Pāhala onwards, sulphate concentrations begin to increase as processes of sulphur conversion increase the proportion of S present as sulphate in the plume (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The field campaigns were designed to capture the composition of the volcanic plume and the background atmosphere at, or near ground level, where populations are exposed. The characteristics of the plume may have been different at higher altitudes in the atmosphere, due to vertical stratification of the plume in the troposphere; in particular, SO 2 and other gas species have been observed to separate from PM 44 . Therefore, the plume sampled downwind is unlikely to represent the bulk plume composition integrated through the troposphere.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rapid metal pollutant deposition from the volcanic plume of Kīlauea, Hawai’i

Ilyinskaya

Mason

Wieser

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

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Long-lived basaltic volcanic eruptions are a globally important source of environmentally reactive, volatile metal pollutant elements such as selenium, cadmium and lead. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i produced exceptionally high discharge of metal pollutants, and was an unprecedented opportunity to track them from vent to deposition. Here we show, through geochemical sampling of the plume that volatile metal pollutants were depleted in the plume up to 100 times faster than refractory species, such as magnesium and iron. We propose that this rapid wet deposition of complexes containing reactive and potentially toxic volatile metal pollutants may disproportionately impact localised areas close to the vent. We infer that the relationship between volatility and solubility is an important control on the atmospheric behaviour of elements. We suggest that assessment of hazards from volcanic emissions should account for heterogeneous plume depletion of metal pollutants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid metal pollutant deposition from the volcanic plume of Kīlauea, Hawai’i

Ilyinskaya

Mason

Wieser

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

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“…The measurements in Fig. 1 established the LERZ eruption as an extreme AQ event, and recent studies have used satellite and in situ measurements (15)(16)(17) to explore air quality implications and plume dynamics during the eruption. For example, analysis of regulatory network data found that 24-h average PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) AQ thresholds eight times during the eruption in certain locations, compared to zero times during the previous 8 y (17).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 89%

Mapping pollution exposure and chemistry during an extreme air quality event (the 2018 Kīlauea eruption) using a low-cost sensor network

Crawford

Hagan

Grossman

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Extreme air quality episodes represent a major threat to human health worldwide but are highly dynamic and exceedingly challenging to monitor. The 2018 Kīlauea Lower East Rift Zone eruption (May to August 2018) blanketed much of Hawai‘i Island in “vog” (volcanic smog), a mixture of primary volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas and secondary particulate matter (PM). This episode was captured by several monitoring platforms, including a low-cost sensor (LCS) network consisting of 30 nodes designed and deployed specifically to monitor PM and SO2 during the event. Downwind of the eruption, network stations measured peak hourly PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations that exceeded 75 μg m−3 and 1,200 parts per billion (ppb), respectively. The LCS network’s high spatial density enabled highly granular estimates of human exposure to both pollutants during the eruption, which was not possible using preexisting air quality measurements. Because of overlaps in population distribution and plume dynamics, a much larger proportion of the island’s population was exposed to elevated levels of fine PM than to SO2. Additionally, the spatially distributed network was able to resolve the volcanic plume’s chemical evolution downwind of the eruption. Measurements find a mean SO2 conversion time of ∼36 h, demonstrating the ability of distributed LCS networks to observe reaction kinetics and quantify chemical transformations of air pollutants in a real-world setting. This work also highlights the utility of LCS networks for emergency response during extreme episodes to complement existing air quality monitoring approaches.

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“…be identified and rejected. This cloud clearing has been established previously for studies related to the UTLS region (Vernier et al, 2015(Vernier et al, , 2018. Contrary, for cloud investigation, the COBALD was used in combination with the Cryogenic…”

Section: Estimation Of Saturation Relative Humiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Balloon borne aerosol-cloud interaction studies (BACIS): New observational techniques to understand and quantify aerosol effects on clouds

Kiran

Ratnam

Fujiwara

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Better understanding of aerosol-cloud interaction processes is an important aspect to quantify the role of clouds and aerosols in the climate system. There have been significant efforts to explain the ways aerosols modulate cloud properties. However, from the observational point of view, it is indeed challenging to observe and/or verify some of these processes because no single instrument or platform is proven sufficient. With this motivation, a unique set of observational field campaigns named Balloon borne Aerosol Cloud Interaction Studies (BACIS) is proposed and conducted using balloon borne in-situ measurements in addition to the ground-based (Lidars, MST radar, LAWP, MWR, Ceilometer) and space borne (CALIPSO) remote sensing instruments from Gadanki (13.45° N, 79.2° E). So far, 15 campaigns have been conducted as a part of BACIS campaigns from 2017 to 2020. This paper presents the concept of observational approach, lists the major objectives of the campaigns, describes the instruments deployed, and discusses results from selected campaigns. Consistency in balloon borne measurements is assessed using the data from simultaneous observations of ground-based, space borne remote sensing instruments. A good agreement is found among multi-instrumental observations. Balloon borne in-situ profiling is found to complement the information provided by ground-based and/or space borne measurements. A combination of the Compact Optical Backscatter AerosoL Detector (COBALD) and Cloud Particle Sensor (CPS) sonde is employed for the first time to discriminate cloud and aerosol in an in-situ profile. A threshold value of COBALD color index (CI) for ice clouds is found to be between 18 and 20 and CI values for coarse mode aerosol particle range between 11 and 15. Using the data from balloon measurements, the relationship between cloud and aerosol is quantified for the liquid clouds. A statistically significant slope (aerosol-cloud interaction index) of 0.77 (0.86) found between aerosol back scatter from 300 m (400 m) below the cloud base and cloud particle count within the cloud indicates the role of aerosol in the cloud activation process. In a nutshell, the results presented here demonstrate the observational approach to quantify aerosol-cloud interactions and paves the way for further investigations using the approach.

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VolKilau: Volcano Rapid Response Balloon Campaign during the 2018 Kilauea Eruption

Abstract: Capsule Summary A Rapid balloon deployment during the 2018 Kilauea eruption provides a unique set of in situ measurements to understand volcanic plume chemical and microphysical properties

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Rapid metal pollutant deposition from the volcanic plume of Kīlauea, Hawai’i

Rapid metal pollutant deposition from the volcanic plume of Kīlauea, Hawai’i

Mapping pollution exposure and chemistry during an extreme air quality event (the 2018 Kīlauea eruption) using a low-cost sensor network

Balloon borne aerosol-cloud interaction studies (BACIS): New observational techniques to understand and quantify aerosol effects on clouds

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