Volcano remote sensing with ground-based spectroscopy

Abstract

ReuseUnless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic gases carry important information about underground magmatic and hydrothermal conditions, with application in eruption forecasting. Volcanic plumes are also studied because of their impacts upon the atmosphere, climate and human health. Remote sensing techniques are being increasingly used in this field because they provide real-time data and can be applied at safe distances from the target, even throughout violent eruptive episodes. However, notwithstanding the many scientific insights into volcanic behaviour already achieved with these approaches, technological limitations have placed firm restrictions upon the utility of the acquired data. For instance, volcanic SO 2 emission rate measurements are typically inaccurate (errors can be greater than 100%) and have poor time resolution (ca once per week). Volcanic gas geochemistry is currently being revolutionized by the recent implementation of a new generation of remote sensing tools, which are overcoming the above limitations and are providing degassing data of unprecedented quality. In this article, I review this field at this exciting point of transition, covering the techniques used and the insights thereby obtained, and I speculate upon the breakthroughs that are now tantalizingly close.

Volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub> visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

“…SiF 4 in volcanic gas was first detected by Francis et al (1996) at Vulcano, which is a volcano on an Italian island, and the largest relative SiF 4 content was found at Satsuma-Iwojima volcano, Japan (Mori et al, 2002). Love et al (1998) suggested that the increasing SiF 4 content measured in Popocatépetl might be related with the Vulcaniantype eruptions measured then and the molecular ratio of SiF 4 to SO 2 (SiF 4 /SO 2 ) is thought to be an indicator of explosive activity (McGonigle, 2005). In a recent work, solar absorption measurements of Popocatépetl during an explosion and quiescent degassing showed a systematic difference in the HCl/SO 2 , HF/SO 2 and SiF 4 /HF molecular ratios (Stremme et al, 2011).…”

Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

“…Fourier-transform interferometers (FT-IRs) have become a very valuable device for volcanic gas studies (Love et al, 1998;Oppenheimer et al, 1998;Burton et al, 2000;Horrocks, 2001), including measurements of gas ratios reported by Oppenheimer et al (2002). Systems using ultraviolet light as a source have recently been developed for volcanic SO 2 measurements (McGonigle, 2005;Horton et al, 2006), for volcanic BrO measurements (Bobrowski et al, 2003), and also for CO 2 slantpath columns (Goff et al, 2001). More recently Stremme et al (2013) and Krueger et al (2013) presented measurements of volcanic emissions using a scanning FT-IR, showing two-dimensional visualisations of SO 2 based on thermal emission spectroscopy.…”

Resumen de las principales técnicas de percepción remota usadas en volcanes para monitorear las emisiones de gas en tierra

“…Diferentes científi-cos han discutido en mayor detalle las caracterís-ticas del espectrómetro UV y la técnica DOAS (p. ej. : Platt, 1994;Galle et al, 2002;Edmonds et al, 2003a;McGonigle, 2005;Platt & Stutz, 2008). La Figura 8 muestra un ejemplo de la configuración del espectrómetro UV, el cable de fibra óptica y el telescopio.…”