Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training

Bird, Deanne; Gísladóttir, Guðrún; Dominey‐Howes, Dale

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.09.020

Cited by 107 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Risk management strategies and mitigation systems are key to protecting life and infrastructure from ballistic hazards (Leonard et al 2008;Bertolaso et al 2009;Bird et al 2010;Jolly et al 2014b). Table 1 lists some of the strategies and tools used at volcanoes around the world.…”

Section: Ballistic Hazard and Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Appropriate risk management actions by stakeholders, emergency managers and the public require an adequate perception of the risk and the correct actions to take in a crisis, with perception dependent on the hazard information received and exposure to impacts (Johnston et al 1999;Leonard et al 2014). Knowledge and understanding of volcanic hazards allows individuals to better decide whether to undertake preparedness and response measures, and if so, which are required, thus reducing their vulnerability to the hazard(s) (Siegrist and Cvetkovich 2000;Paton et al 2008;Bird et al 2010).…”

Section: Communication and Risk Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Best practice suggests the use of multiple sources to disseminate hazard and risk information as preferred forms of media accessed for information vary (Sorensen 2000;Mileti et al 2004;Haynes et al 2007;Bird et al 2010). The public's response to volcanic hazard communication is influenced by the content and attractiveness of the message (which should include a description of the hazard, its impacts, hazard extent, and advice on what to do and when), how comprehensible it is, and the frequency and number of channels the message is received from, as well as the extent of public belief that safety actions are possible and will be effective (Leonard et al 2008;Sorensen 2013 (Fig.…”

Section: Communication and Risk Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One challenge of communicating ballistic risk is to transient populations, especially tourists and other visitors. Tourists spend only a short amount of time in areas (hours to weeks) and often have little knowledge of the hazards or the available protection resources (Murphy and Bayley 1989;Drabek 1995;Burby and Wagner 1996;Bird et al 2010). They often rely on tourism operators/employees/guides to inform them of volcanic hazards and the correct actions to take in an eruption (Leonard et al 2008;Bird et al 2010).…”

Section: On-going Challenges In Ballistic Risk Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tourists spend only a short amount of time in areas (hours to weeks) and often have little knowledge of the hazards or the available protection resources (Murphy and Bayley 1989;Drabek 1995;Burby and Wagner 1996;Bird et al 2010). They often rely on tourism operators/employees/guides to inform them of volcanic hazards and the correct actions to take in an eruption (Leonard et al 2008;Bird et al 2010). This is evident at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu where guides are frequently relied on to communicate ballistic hazard and safe areas to approach around the volcano, and at Tongariro Volcano, New Zealand where transport operators can give important information to 85% of all those hiking the Tongariro Alpine Crossing (TAC).…”

Section: On-going Challenges In Ballistic Risk Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

Fitzgerald

Kennedy

Wilson

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Tourists, hikers, mountaineers, locals and volcanologists frequently visit and reside on and around active volcanoes, where ballistic projectiles are a lethal hazard. The projectiles of lava or solid rock, ranging from a few centimetres to several metres in diameter, are erupted with high kinetic, and sometimes thermal, energy. Impacts from projectiles are amongst the most frequent causes of fatal volcanic incidents and the cause of hundreds of thousands of dollars of damage to buildings, infrastructure and property worldwide. Despite this, the assessment of risk and communication of ballistic hazard has received surprisingly little study. Here, we review the research to date on ballistic distributions, impacts, hazard and risk assessments and maps, and methods of communicating and managing ballistic risk including how these change with a changing risk environment. The review suggests future improvements to the communication and management of ballistic hazard.

show abstract

Section: Ballistic Hazard and Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Communication and Risk Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Communication and Risk Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: On-going Challenges In Ballistic Risk Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: On-going Challenges In Ballistic Risk Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

Fitzgerald

Kennedy

Wilson

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Experimental insights into pyroclast‐ice heat transfer in water‐drained, low‐pressure cavities during subglacial explosive eruptions

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Subglacial explosive volcanism generates hazards that result from magma‐ice interaction, including large flow rate meltwater flooding and fine‐grained volcanic ash. We consider eruptions where subglacial cavities produced by ice melt during eruption establish a connection to the atmosphere along the base of the ice sheet that allows accumulated meltwater to drain. The resulting reduction of pressure initiates or enhances explosive phreatomagmatic volcanism within a steam‐filled cavity with pyroclast impingement on the cavity roof. Heat transfer rates to melt ice in such a system have not, to our knowledge, been assessed previously. To study this system, we take an experimental approach to gain insight into the heat transfer processes and to quantify ice melt rates. We present the results of a series of analogue laboratory experiments in which a jet of steam, air, and sand at approximately 300°C impinged on the underside of an ice block. A key finding was that as the steam to sand ratio was increased, behavior ranged from predominantly horizontal ice melting to predominantly vertical melting by a mobile slurry of sand and water. For the steam to sand ratio that matches typical steam to pyroclast ratios during subglacial phreatomagmatic eruptions at ~300°C, we observed predominantly vertical melting with upward ice melt rates of 1.5 mm s−1, which we argue is similar to that within the volcanic system. This makes pyroclast‐ice heat transfer an important contributing ice melt mechanism under drained, low‐pressure conditions that may precede subaerial explosive volcanism on sloping flanks of glaciated volcanoes.

show abstract

Learners

2020

Disaster Education, Communication and Engagement

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training

Cited by 107 publications

References 41 publications

The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

Experimental insights into pyroclast‐ice heat transfer in water‐drained, low‐pressure cavities during subglacial explosive eruptions

Learners

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About