Volcanic CO_2 detection with a DFM/OPA-based lidar

Fiorani, Luca; Santoro, S.; Parracino, Stefano; Nuvoli, Marcello; Minopoli, Carmine; Aiuppa, Alessandro

doi:10.1364/ol.40.001034

Cited by 22 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Our measurements on Stromboli (Figure 1) were obtained using the same DIAL-lidar described in Aiuppa et al (2015) and Fiorani et al (2015Fiorani et al ( , 2016, and realized within the context of the FP7- ERC project Bridge (www.bridge.unipa.it). Only key information is reported here, and the reader is referred to previous studies for a detailed description of the instrument.…”

Section: The Bridge Lidarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New prospects for ground-based remote detection of the volcanic CO 2 flux have recently become available from the advent of a new lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) using the DIAL (Differential Absorption lidar) technique Fiorani et al, 2015Fiorani et al, , 2016. DIAL-lidars (Weitkamp, 2005;Fiorani, 2007) use backscattering of artificial light (laser) from atmospheric back-scatterers and/or from the volcanic plume itself, and are therefore potentially ideal for remote volcanic CO 2 detection (Fiorani et al, 2013;Queißer et al, 2015Queißer et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the SO 2 flux can remotely be sensed by UV spectroscopy (Oppenheimer, 2010;Oppenheimer et al, 2011), measuring the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio requires in-situ direct sampling and/or measurements via Multi-GAS (Aiuppa et al, 2010a) or Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (La Spina et al, 2013) in the vicinity of hazardous active vents. As such, implementation of novel techniques for the remote observation of the volcanic CO 2 flux, from more distal (and safer) locations, remains highly desirable.New prospects for ground-based remote detection of the volcanic CO 2 flux have recently become available from the advent of a new lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) using the DIAL (Differential Absorption lidar) technique Fiorani et al, 2015Fiorani et al, , 2016. DIAL-lidars (Weitkamp, 2005;Fiorani, 2007) use backscattering of artificial light (laser) from atmospheric back-scatterers and/or from the volcanic plume itself, and are therefore potentially ideal for remote volcanic CO 2 detection (Fiorani et al, 2013;Queißer et al, 2015Queißer et al, , 2016.…”

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New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

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We report here on the results of a proof-of-concept study aimed at remotely sensing the volcanic CO 2 flux using a Differential Adsorption lidar (DIAL-lidar). The observations we report on were conducted in June 2014 on Stromboli volcano, where our lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) was used to scan the volcanic plume at ∼3 km distance from the summit vents. The obtained results prove that a remotely operating lidar can resolve a volcanic CO 2 signal of a few tens of ppm (in excess to background air) over km-long optical paths. We combine these results with independent estimates of plume transport speed (from processing of UV Camera images) to derive volcanic CO 2 flux time-series of ≈16-33 min temporal resolution. Our lidar-based CO 2 fluxes range from 1.8 ± 0.5 to 32.1 ± 8.0 kg/s, and constrain the daily averaged CO 2 emissions from Stromboli at 8.3 ± 2.1 to 18.1 ± 4.5 kg/s (or 718-1565 tons/day). These inferred fluxes fall within the range of earlier observations at Stromboli. They also agree well with contemporaneous CO 2 flux determinations (8.4-20.1 kg/s) obtained using a standard approach that combines Multi-GAS-based in-plume readings of the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio (≈8) with UV-camera sensed SO 2 fluxes (1.5-3.4 kg/s). We conclude that DIAL-lidars offer new prospects for safer (remote) instrumental observations of the volcanic CO 2 flux.Keywords: volcanic CO 2 , DIAL-lidar, Stromboli, remote sensing, CO 2 flux INTRODUCTION A major step forward in ground-based volcano monitoring has recently arisen from the advent of modern instrumental techniques and networks for volcanic gas observations (Galle et al., 2010;Oppenheimer et al., 2014;Saccorotti et al., 2014;Fischer and Chiodini, 2015). Such technical advances provide improved temporal resolution relative to traditional direct sampling techniques (Symonds et al., 1994;Giggenbach, 1996). As longer-term volcanic gas records increase in number and quality, full empirical evidence is finally emerging for increased CO 2 flux emissions prior to eruption of mafic to intermediate volcanoes (Aiuppa, 2015). Precursory plume CO 2 flux increases have been now detected at several volcanoes, including Etna (Aiuppa et al., 2008;Patanè et al., 2013), Kilauea (Poland et al., 2012), Redoubt (Werner et al., 2013), Turrialba (de Moor et al., 2016a), and Poas (de Moor et al., 2016b).At Stromboli (in Italy), however, CO 2 flux observations have been particularly valuable for interpreting, and eventually predicting, the volcano's behavior (Aiuppa et al., 2010a Stromboli, the "regular" mild strombolian activity is occasionally interrupted by larger-scale vulcanian-style explosions, locally referred as "major explosions" or (in the most extreme events) "paroxysms" (Rosi et al., 2006(Rosi et al., , 2013Andronico and Pistolesi, 2010;Pistolesi et al., 2011;Pioli et al., 2014). These explosions, although short-lived (tens of seconds to a few minutes), represent a real hazard for local populations, tourists and volcanologists, since they produce fallout of coarse pyroclastic materials over w...

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Section: The Bridge Lidarmentioning

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Section: Introductionmentioning

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New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

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“…Etna in 2008 [20] and at Stromboli Volcano in 2009 [21] to measure the volcanic plume water vapor flux. More recently, lidars were first been used to target volcanic CO 2 [9,10,[22][23][24]. Our lidar BILLI (BrIdge voLcanic LIdar) [22], for example, has recently been used to successfully retrieve three-dimensional tomographies of volcanic CO 2 in the plumes of Pozzuoli, Solfatara in 2014 [9] and Stromboli volcano in 2015 [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, lidars were first been used to target volcanic CO 2 [9,10,[22][23][24]. Our lidar BILLI (BrIdge voLcanic LIdar) [22], for example, has recently been used to successfully retrieve three-dimensional tomographies of volcanic CO 2 in the plumes of Pozzuoli, Solfatara in 2014 [9] and Stromboli volcano in 2015 [23,24]. As such, although gas-sensing lidars remain far less exploited in volcanology than those targeting volcanic ash/particles [25,26], this novel application field may expand rapidly in the near future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic Plume CO2 Flux Measurements at Mount Etna by Mobile Differential Absorption Lidar

et al. 2017

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Volcanic eruptions are often preceded by precursory increases in the volcanic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux. Unfortunately, the traditional techniques used to measure volcanic CO 2 require near-vent, in situ plume measurements that are potentially hazardous for operators and expose instruments to extreme conditions. To overcome these limitations, the project BRIDGE (BRIDging the gap between Gas Emissions and geophysical observations at active volcanoes) received funding from the European Research Council, with the objective to develop a new generation of volcanic gas sensing instruments, including a novel DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) for remote (e.g., distal) CO 2 observations. Here we report on the results of a field campaign carried out at Mt. Etna from 28 July 2016 to 1 August 2016, during which we used this novel DIAL-Lidar to retrieve spatially and temporally resolved profiles of excess CO 2 concentrations inside the volcanic plume. By vertically scanning the volcanic plume at different elevation angles and distances, an excess CO 2 concentration of tens of ppm (up to 30% above the atmospheric background of 400 ppm) was resolved from up to a 4 km distance from the plume itself. From this, the first remotely sensed volcanic CO 2 flux estimation from Etna's northeast crater was derived at ≈2850-3900 tons/day. This Lidar-based CO 2 flux is in fair agreement with that (≈2750 tons/day) obtained using conventional techniques requiring the in situ measurement of volcanic gas composition.

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Early detection of volcanic hazard by lidar measurement of carbon dioxide

Fiorani

Santoro²,

Parracino

et al. 2016

Nat Hazards

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Volcanic gases give information on magmatic processes. In particular, anomalous releases of carbon dioxide precede volcanic eruptions. Up to now, this gas has been measured in volcanic plumes with conventional measurements that imply the severe risks of local sampling and can last many hours. For these reasons and for the great advantages of laser sensing, the thorough development of volcanic lidars has been undertaken at ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development). In fact, lidar profiling allows one to scan remotely volcanic plumes in a fast and continuous way, and with high spatial and temporal resolution. A differential absorption lidar instrument will be presented in this paper: BILLI (BrIdge voLcanic LIdar). It is based on injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser, double-grating dye laser, difference frequency mixing and optical parametric amplifier. BILLI is funded by the ERC (European Research Council) project BRIDGE (BRIDging the gap between Gas Emissions and geophysical observations at active volcanos). It scanned the gas emitted by Pozzuoli Solfatara (Naples, Italy) and Stromboli Volcano (Sicily, Italy) during field campaigns carried out from October 13 to 17, 2014, and from June 24 to 29, 2015, respectively. Carbon dioxide concentration maps were retrieved remotely in few minutes in the crater areas. To our knowledge, it is the first time that carbon dioxide in a volcanic plume is retrieved by lidar. This result represents the first direct measurement of this kind ever performed on active volcanos and shows the high potential of laser remote sensing in early detection of volcanic hazard

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Volcanic CO_2 detection with a DFM/OPA-based lidar

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

Volcanic Plume CO2 Flux Measurements at Mount Etna by Mobile Differential Absorption Lidar

Early detection of volcanic hazard by lidar measurement of carbon dioxide

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