Volcanic carbon cycling in East Lake, Newberry Volcano, Oregon, USA

Abstract

The carbon cycle in East Lake (Newberry Volcano, Oregon, USA) is fueled by volcanic CO2 inputs with traces of Hg and H2S. The CO2 dissolves in deep lake waters and is removed in shallow waters through largely diffusive surface degassing and photosynthesis. Escaping gas and photosynthate have low δ13C values, leading to δ13C(DIC) (DIC—dissolved inorganic carbon) as high as +5.7‰ in surface waters, well above the common global lake range. A steep δ13C depth gradient is further established by respiration and absorption of light volcanic CO2 in bottom waters. The seasonal CO2 degassing starts at >100 t CO2/day after ice melting in the spring and declines to ~40 t/day in late summer, degassing ~11,700 t CO2/yr. Thus, volcano monitoring through gas fluxes from crater lakes should consider lacustrine processes that modulate the volcanic gas output over time. The flux contribution of a bubbling CO2 “hotspot” increased from 20% to >90% of the lake-wide CO2 flux from 2015 to 2019 CE, followed by a “toxic gas alert” in July 2020. East Lake is an active volcanic lake with a “geogenic” ecosystem driven primarily by hydrothermal inputs.

Monitoring underwater volcano degassing using fiber-optic sensing

“…Bubbles then rise through the water column and can dissolve or reach the surface 14 . External drivers such as lake level or tides 18 can change and influence the level of bubbling observed at the surface. Contrary to subaerial settings, the acoustic detection of gas is straightforward in aquatic environments 14 , 16 , 19 .…”