“…However, there is no functional analogue of plasmodesmata or gap junctions that would mediate crosstalk between neighbouring (Bloemendal & Kuck, 2013) hyphae in fruiting bodies. Intercellular communication in fungi relies on the diffusion of chemical signals through the extracellular space, such as pheromones, volatile compounds, and quorum-sensing molecules (Albuquerque & Casadevall, 2012;Cottier & Mühlschlegel, 2012;Wongsuk, Pumeesat, & Luplertlop, 2016;Kues et al, 2018), including small proteins (Wang et al, 2013;Gyawali et al, 2017). It has evolved to signal through a loosely occupied space or among unicells and primarily suits the needs of vegetative mycelium or yeast cells.…”
Section: (3) Cell-cell Communication and Signallingmentioning
Complex multicellularity represents the most advanced level of biological organization and it has evolved only a few times: in metazoans, green plants, brown and red algae and fungi. Compared to other lineages, the evolution of multicellularity in fungi follows different principles; both simple and complex multicellularity evolved via unique mechanisms not found in other lineages. Herein we review ecological, palaeontological, developmental and genomic aspects of complex multicellularity in fungi and discuss general principles of the evolution of complex multicellularity in light of its fungal manifestations. Fungi represent the only lineage in which complex multicellularity shows signatures of convergent evolution: it appears 8-11 times in distinct fungal lineages, which show a patchy phylogenetic distribution yet share some of the genetic mechanisms underlying complex multicellular development. To explain the patchy distribution of complex multicellularity across the fungal phylogeny we identify four key observations: the large number of apparently independent complex multicellular clades; the lack of documented phenotypic homology between these clades; the conservation of gene circuits regulating the onset of complex multicellular development; and the existence of clades in which the evolution of complex multicellularity is coupled with limited gene family diversification. We discuss how these patterns and known genetic aspects of fungal development can be reconciled with the genetic theory of convergent evolution to explain the pervasive occurrence of complex multicellularity across the fungal tree of life.
“…However, there is no functional analogue of plasmodesmata or gap junctions that would mediate crosstalk between neighbouring (Bloemendal & Kuck, 2013) hyphae in fruiting bodies. Intercellular communication in fungi relies on the diffusion of chemical signals through the extracellular space, such as pheromones, volatile compounds, and quorum-sensing molecules (Albuquerque & Casadevall, 2012;Cottier & Mühlschlegel, 2012;Wongsuk, Pumeesat, & Luplertlop, 2016;Kues et al, 2018), including small proteins (Wang et al, 2013;Gyawali et al, 2017). It has evolved to signal through a loosely occupied space or among unicells and primarily suits the needs of vegetative mycelium or yeast cells.…”
Section: (3) Cell-cell Communication and Signallingmentioning
Complex multicellularity represents the most advanced level of biological organization and it has evolved only a few times: in metazoans, green plants, brown and red algae and fungi. Compared to other lineages, the evolution of multicellularity in fungi follows different principles; both simple and complex multicellularity evolved via unique mechanisms not found in other lineages. Herein we review ecological, palaeontological, developmental and genomic aspects of complex multicellularity in fungi and discuss general principles of the evolution of complex multicellularity in light of its fungal manifestations. Fungi represent the only lineage in which complex multicellularity shows signatures of convergent evolution: it appears 8-11 times in distinct fungal lineages, which show a patchy phylogenetic distribution yet share some of the genetic mechanisms underlying complex multicellular development. To explain the patchy distribution of complex multicellularity across the fungal phylogeny we identify four key observations: the large number of apparently independent complex multicellular clades; the lack of documented phenotypic homology between these clades; the conservation of gene circuits regulating the onset of complex multicellular development; and the existence of clades in which the evolution of complex multicellularity is coupled with limited gene family diversification. We discuss how these patterns and known genetic aspects of fungal development can be reconciled with the genetic theory of convergent evolution to explain the pervasive occurrence of complex multicellularity across the fungal tree of life.
“…1-Octen-3-ol and ethylene have been described as VOCs secreted by the A. bisporus mycelium (Zang et al, 2016b;Meng et al, 2014), which act to suppress the initiation of fructification (Noble et al, 2009;Berendsen et al, 2013;Eastwood et al, 2013, Meng et al, 2014Kües et al, 2018). A model of synergism between bacteria and fungi has been postulated to occur within the casing material, in which native bacteria consume VOCs, and, therefore, stimulate fructification ( Fig.…”
“…However, the colonization of the casing material by the mycelium of A. bisporus has been described to break the casing fungistasis (which consists of the state of latency of fungi in substrates such as soil or casing that inhibits spore germination, fungal growth or sporulation), thereby contributing to the disease outbreaks such as cobweb, bubble diseases or green mould (Berendsen et al, 2012a,b). Nevertheless, some cultivated mushrooms show mechanisms of self-defence that may be attributed to components of their microbiome, for instance cultivated ectomycorrhizal truffles produce volatiles with antimicrobial and weed killer effect attributed to endogenous microorganisms (Kanchiswamy et al, 2015;Kües et al, 2018).…”
Section: Biocontrol Agents For Control Of Mushroom Parasitesmentioning
Summary
Mushroom cropping consists of the development and fructification of different fungal species in soil or selective substrates that provide nutrients and support for the crop. The microorganisms present in these environments strongly influence, and in some cases are required for the growth and fructification of cultivated mushrooms. Some fungi such as truffles and morels form ectomycorrhizal associations with host plants. For these fungi, helper bacteria play an important role in the establishment of plant‐fungal symbioses. Selective processes acting on the microbiota present in substrates and soils determine the composition of the microbiota inhabiting the fruit bodies or interacting with fungal hyphae, and both configure the mushroom holobiont, understood as the fungus plus associated microorganisms. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the cross‐talk between bacteria and fungi during mushroom cultivation. We highlight the potential use of bioinoculants as agronomical amendments to increase mushroom productivity through growth promotion or as biocontrol agents to control pests and diseases.
“…Along with 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone belongs to a class of eight-carbon (C8) compounds that possess bioactivity in organisms like bacteria, fungi, and plants. Notably, 3-octanone is a conidiation-inducing signal in the fungal genus Trichoderma (28), which includes several plant-symbiotic species (29). Trichoderma-produced 3-octanone have been shown to promote growth of plants such as A. thaliana and willow (30,31).…”
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