Volatiles and the tempo of flood basalt magmatism

Black, B. A.; Manga, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.035

Cited by 48 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(171 reference statements)

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“…However, the degassing of volatiles into the surrounding crust unsurprisingly reduces the efficiency of the buoyancy‐driven eruptions and may lead to longer accumulation timescales than previously thought. This conclusion is consistent with the results by Black and Manga () who found that gas escape efficiency is much higher when crustal permeability is nonzero (of order 10 −18 m 2 and larger) and this adversely affects the ability of a magma chamber to erupt.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The region of the parameter space where this process will operate is when X 1 is greater than unity (slow cooling), and either X 2 or X 3 is less than unity. Since buoyancy pressure cannot be relaxed by viscous deformation of the crust (Black & Manga, ), X 2 <1 enables continuous buildup of volatiles in the magma body without an eruption. Analogously, X 3 <1 also prevents eruptions from causing rapid volatile loss and allows for a buildup of buoyancy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the context of our model, this tensile stress can be approximated by the overpressure (Δ P ovp , equation ) in the magma reservoir. We choose a critical tensile stress threshold ( P c ) between 10 and 40 MPa (nominal value of 20 MPa), a range similar to what has been used in previous studies (Black & Manga, ; Caricchi et al, ; Degruyter & Huber, ; Rubin, ). This critical threshold is broadly consistent with field estimates for the tensile strength of rocks in dike propagation (Benson et al, ; Gudmundsson, ; Gudmundsson et al, ).…”

Section: Magma Chamber Box Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatile Degassing From Magma Chambers as a Control on Volcanic Eruptions

Mittal

Richards

2019

JGR Solid Earth

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The loss of volatiles from a magma reservoir affects the magmatic overpressure responsible for driving ground deformation and eruptions. Although the high‐temperature metamorphic aureole around a magma chamber is typically considered to have low permeability, recent theoretical, experimental, and field studies have highlighted the role of transient permeability in magmatic systems. Also, direct measurements suggest that passive degassing is a significant component of total volatile loss in both basaltic and silicic volcanoes. Consequently, the effective permeability of the crust when magma is present in the system can be many orders of magnitude larger than that of exhumed rock samples. We develop a fully coupled porothermoelastic framework to account for both the flow of volatiles as well as associated effects on the stress state of the crust and calculate an analytical solution for spherical geometry. We then combine a magma chamber box model with these solutions to analyze eruption dynamics in magmatic systems. We find that in addition to viscous relaxation, magma recharge, and cooling timescales, the pore pressure diffusion timescale exerts a first‐order control on volcanic eruptions with moderately high crustal permeabilities of order 10−17 to 10−19 m2. We describe a parameter space to identify which components dominate in different regimes for volcanic eruptions according to these different timescales.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Magma Chamber Box Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatile Degassing From Magma Chambers as a Control on Volcanic Eruptions

Mittal

Richards

2019

JGR Solid Earth

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“…In other words, an eruption may be triggered if τ in < τ relax and τ in < τ cool . However, eruptions also may be triggered by the exsolution of magmatic volatiles during crystallization and second boiling (Black & Manga, ; Blake, ; Forni et al, ; M. J. Stock et al, ; Tait et al, ), which generally would occur when τ cool < τ in and τ cool < τ relax .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magma Chamber Growth During Intercaldera Periods: Insights From Thermo‐Mechanical Modeling With Applications to Laguna del Maule, Campi Flegrei, Santorini, and Aso

Townsend

Huber

Degruyter

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Crustal magma chambers can grow to be hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometers, potentially feeding catastrophic caldera‐forming eruptions. Smaller volume chambers are expected to erupt frequently and freeze quickly; a major outstanding question is how magma chambers ever grow to the sizes required to sustain the largest eruptions on Earth. We use a thermo‐mechanical model to investigate the primary factors that govern the extrusive:intrusive ratio in a chamber, and how this relates to eruption frequency, eruption size, and long‐term chamber growth. The model consists of three fundamental timescales: the magma injection timescale τin, the cooling timescale τcool, and the timescale for viscous relaxation of the crust τrelax. We estimate these timescales using geologic and geophysical data from four volcanoes (Laguna del Maule, Campi Flegrei, Santorini, and Aso) to compare them with the model. In each of these systems, τin is much shorter than τcool and slightly shorter than τrelax, conditions that in the model are associated with efficient chamber growth and simultaneous eruption. In addition, the model suggests that the magma chambers underlying these volcanoes are growing at rates between ~10−4 and 10−2 km3/year, speeding up over time as the chamber volume increases. We find scaling relationships for eruption frequency and size that suggest that as chambers grow and volatiles exsolve, eruption frequency decreases but eruption size increases. These scaling relationships provide a good match to the eruptive history from the natural systems, suggesting that the relationships can be used to constrain chamber growth rates and volatile saturation state from the eruptive history alone.

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“…LIPs are characterized by initially large volatile-rich eruptions, where the majority of the LIP is emplaced over a short period of time (typically 1-5 Myr), followed by sporadic smaller eruptions (Black & Manga, 2017;Bryan & Ernst, 2008;Coffin & Eldholm, 2005). The initial eruption leads to the release of large volumes of CO 2 , with estimates of approximately 8,200 Gt of gaseous CO 2 during the Siberian Traps eruption at~251 Ma (Courtillot & Renne, 2003).…”

Section: Lip Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between the Eruption and Weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the Deep‐Time Carbon Cycle

Johansson

Zahirovic

Müller

2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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Although many sources of atmospheric CO2 have been estimated, the major sinks are poorly understood in a deep‐time context. Here we combine plate reconstructions, the eruption ages and outlines of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), and the atmospheric CO2 proxy record to investigate how their eruptions and weathering within the equatorial humid zone impacted global atmospheric CO2 since 400 Ma. Wavelet analysis reveals significant correlations between the eruption of the Emeishan LIP (259 Ma), the Siberian Traps (251 Ma), the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (201 Ma), the second pulse of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (55 Ma), the High Arctic LIP (130 Ma), and the Deccan Traps (65 Ma) and perturbations in atmospheric CO2. Our analysis also reveals a clear relationship between the weathering of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (~200–100 Ma), the Deccan Traps (50–35 Ma), and the Afar Arabian LIP (30–0 Ma) and a significant atmospheric CO2 drawdown. Our results illustrate the significant role of subaerial LIP emplacement and weathering in modulating atmospheric CO2 and Earth's surface environments.

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Volatiles and the tempo of flood basalt magmatism

Cited by 48 publications

References 98 publications

Volatile Degassing From Magma Chambers as a Control on Volcanic Eruptions

Volatile Degassing From Magma Chambers as a Control on Volcanic Eruptions

Magma Chamber Growth During Intercaldera Periods: Insights From Thermo‐Mechanical Modeling With Applications to Laguna del Maule, Campi Flegrei, Santorini, and Aso

The Interplay Between the Eruption and Weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the Deep‐Time Carbon Cycle

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