Volatile Organic Compounds, Indole, and Biogenic Amines Assessment in Two Mediterranean Irciniidae (Porifera, Demospongiae)

Abstract

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the headspace determination of the volatile organic fraction emitted by two of the most common Mediterranean demosponges, Ircinia variabilis and Sarcotragus spinosulus, and of indole and some biogenic amines released by sponges in an aqueous medium. A total of 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane and 75 µm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibers were used for the headspace extraction of low molecular weight sulfur compounds from a hermetically sealed vial containing sponge fragments, while the direct immersion determination of indole and biogenic amines was performed. The biogenic amines were extracted after in-solution derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate. All analytical parameters (linearity, limits of detection, and quantification, precision, and recovery) were evaluated for indole and biogenic amines. SPME-GC-MS proved to be a reliable means of highlighting the differences between molecules released by different sponges, principally responsible for their smell. The combined approaches allowed the identification of several volatile compounds in the headspace and other molecules released by the sponges in an aqueous medium, including indole and the BAs cadaverine, histamine, isobutylamine, isopentylamine, propylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine and tryptamine. The results obtained represent a further contribution to the picture of odoriferous molecules secreted by sponges.

Analytical methods for the analysis of volatile natural products

“…SPME coupled to GC-MS was also employed for the headspace determination of the volatile organic fraction emitted by two of the most common Mediterranean demosponges, Ircinia variabilis and Sarcotragus spinosulus . 169 A different composition in sulfur compounds was detected between volatile compounds, indicating a different ability of the two species in producing such chemicals. Another study reported a survey of the volatiles released by males and females of Nicrophorus vespilloides Herbst in nonbreeding status and at different stages of breeding based on headspace analyses by using SPME-GC-MS. 170 The volatiles included phenolic compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and were similar in both sexes.…”

Effect of a Chitosan-Based Packaging Material on the Domestic Storage of “Ready-to-Cook” Meat Products: Evaluation of Biogenic Amines Production, Phthalates Migration, and In Vitro Antimicrobic Activity’s Impact on Aspergillus Niger

“…Prior to analysis, as instructed by the supplier, the fiber was conditioned in the GC injector. Subsequently, it was exposed for 40 min in a 1.7 mL clear glass vial sealed with a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) septum containing a Teflon-coated magnetic stir bar (length 10 mm, diameter 4 mm) (Sigma Aldrich), following the method of Aresta et al [38].…”

Effect of a Composite Alginate/Grape Pomace Extract Packaging Material for Improving Meat Storage

“…In the combined SPME and derivatization procedure, numerous parameters require optimization, such as the choice of fiber absorbent material, ionic strength, pH of the solution, extraction time, and derivation conditions. In this study, previously optimized parameters were used with positive results [19].…”

“…The fiber was conditioned in the GC injector as suggested by the supplier before analysis. Then, it was exposed for 40 min into a 1.7 mL clear glass vial sealed with a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) septum containing a Teflon-coated magnetic stir bar (4 × 10 mm) (Sigma-Aldrich) and 1.5 mL of a sample solution obtained in accordance with Aresta et al [19]. Briefly, 0.05 mL of standard solutions or supernatant homogenized meat sample was transferred into the sealed vial containing 1.43 mL of a sterile 15% NaCl solution.…”