Volatile Organic Compounds in Mainstream Smoke of Sixty Domestic Little Cigar Products

Vu, A. T.; Hassink, Matthew D; Taylor, Kenneth M.; McGuigan, Megan; Blasiole, Ashley; Valentín-Blasini, Liza; Williams, Katrice; Watson, Clifford H.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00215

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…However, this refers only to the TCTP types and matrices examined in this study due to the existence of knowledge gaps, as described above. For example, while benzene is in category 2, this study only examines benzene in tobacco product filler as the literature clearly shows that both cigarette and cigar smoke contain benzene. ,,,− At this time, with the current analytical technology for the examined TCTP types and matrices, category 2 HPHCs may be of lower interest compared to category 1 HPHCs as the users are either not expected to be exposed to these HPHCs or the user exposure to these HPHCs cannot be evaluated due to the lack of quantitative data. These HPHCs will warrant further monitoring when they are found to be quantifiable in other tobacco product types and matrices, when new tobacco product designs appear or when more sensitive analytical methods or techniques become available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For each TCTP type and relevant matrix, each HPHC is in one of three categories: “established data”, “limited data”, and “no data”. An HPHC is categorized as having established data if (1) the literature searches had relevant results and the HPHC did not fall into the limited data category or (2) other ongoing research projects , or subsequent FDA publications from these studies , covered the analysis of this HPHC in a specific tobacco product type and matrix. An HPHC is categorized as having limited data if (1) the publications available did not include domestically available (i.e., United States) commercial TCTP, (2) the publication lacked test method information, (3) the publication methods are outdated (i.e., high detection limit compared to the recent literature), or (4) the publications report conflicting results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in the Filler and Smoke of Tobacco-Containing Tobacco Products

et al. 2022

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration established a list of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products. While HPHCs are required to be submitted for tobacco products, knowledge gaps exist regarding which tobacco-containing tobacco product (TCTP, i.e., tobacco products that contain tobacco(s) as a component) types (cigarettes, cigars, roll-your-own tobaccos [RYOs], pipe tobaccos [pipes], smokeless tobacco products [STPs], waterpipe tobaccos [waterpipes]) and matrices (filler, smoke) contain which HPHCs. This study identified and addressed such gaps by conducting literature searches and measuring the amount of HPHCs in TCTP types and matrices. First, literature searches, performed for cigarettes, RYOs, and STPs for publications up to 2014 and for cigars, pipes, and waterpipes for publications up to 2016, identified knowledge gaps for the 93 HPHCs (or 119 HPHCs if cresols [ o -, m -, p -cresol] are counted as 3 and chlorinated dioxins/furans as 25) across TCTP types and matrices. Then, three ISO 17025 accredited laboratories including two subcontracted laboratories performed the HPHC quantifications. Inclusion of the HPHCs, TCTP types, and matrices in the study scope was also determined by the availability of validated analytical methods in each laboratory. Eleven (9%) HPHCs are quantifiable in all brands for all TCTP types and matrices, 33 (28%) HPHCs are not quantifiable in any brands of any TCTP type and matrix, and 74 (63%) HPHCs are quantifiable only in some brands across TCTP types and matrices examined. Understanding the quantifiability of HPHCs in each TCTP type and matrix can inform the scientific basis for manufacturers regarding the regulatory requirements for reporting HPHCs. The quantity of HPHCs observed can also inform the evaluation of the public health impact of HPHCs and public communications regarding the health risks of tobacco products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in the Filler and Smoke of Tobacco-Containing Tobacco Products

et al. 2022

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“…Upon receipt, samples were logged into a custom database, assigned barcodes with a unique identification, and stored in their original sealed packaging at −30 °C until analyzed. Several measured physical properties (such as filter length, tobacco weight, filter ventilation, and wrapper porosity) for the tested cigars have been previously reported. , Most of these 60 products are filtered little cigars. Only three products (Panter Desert Coffee, Cafe Crème Blue, and Cafe Crème Original) are unfiltered little cigars.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several measured physical properties (such as filter length, tobacco weight, filter ventilation, and wrapper porosity) for the tested cigars have been previously reported. 32,33 Most of these 60 products are filtered little cigars. Only three products (Panter Desert Coffee, Cafe Creme Blue, and Cafe Creme Original) are unfiltered little cigars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Cyanide and Aromatic Amine Yields in the Mainstream Smoke of 60 Little Cigars

Hassink

Taylor

et al. 2022

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Mainstream smoke yields of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and three aromatic amines, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2aminonaphthalene, and 4-aminobiphenyl, from 60 little cigar brands currently on the US market were measured for both International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens. The smoke yields are compared with those from 50 cigarette products measured by Counts et al. of Philip Morris USA (PMUSA) in 2005 [Counts et al. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005 41, 185−227] and 50 cigarette products measured by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in cooperation with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 [Tynan et al. Consumption of Cigarettes and Combustible Tobacco: United States, 2000−2011. In Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; 565−580].For the little cigars, the average HCN yield with the ISO smoking regimen is 335 μg/cigar (range: 77−809 μg/cigar), which is 332% higher than the average of 50 PMUSA 2005 cigarettes and 243% higher than the average of 50 CDC/FDA 2012 cigarettes. For the CI smoking regimen, the average HCN yield is 619 μg/cigar (range: 464−1045 μg/cigar), which is 70.5% higher than the average of 50 PMUSA 2005 cigarettes and 69% higher than the average of the 50 CDC/FDA 2012 cigarettes. For aromatic amines, the average ISO smoking regimen smoke yields are 36.6 ng/cigar (range: 15.9−70.6 ng/cigar) for 1-aminonaphthalene, 24.6 ng/cigar (range: 12.3−36.7 ng/ cigar) for 2-aminonaphthalene, and 5.6 ng/cigar (range: 2.3−17.2 ng/cigar) for 4-aminobiphenyl. The average ISO yields of aromatic amines from little cigars are 141% to 210% higher compared to the average yields of 50 PMUSA cigarettes. The average CI smoke regimen yields are 73.0 ng/cigar (range: 32.1−112.2 ng/cigar) for 1-aminonaphthalene, 45.2 ng/cigar (range: 24.6−74.8 ng/ cigar) for 2-aminonaphthalene, and 12.7 ng/cigar (range: 5.5−37.5 ng/cigar) for 4-aminobiphenyl. The average CI aromatic amine yields are 143% to 220% higher compared to the average yields of 50 PMUSA cigarettes, almost identical to the relative yields under the ISO smoking regimen. Both HCN and aromatic amine yields are 1.5× to 3× higher for the tested little cigars than for the conventional cigarettes; however, there are notable differences in the relationships of these yields to certain product characteristics, such as weight, ventilation, and tobacco type. The higher smoke yields of these compounds from little cigars indicates that cigar smokers may be at risk of a higher exposure to HCN and aromatic amines on a per stick basis and thus increased health concerns.

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“…Bidi, an indigenous form of cigarette in South Asian countries, was reported to produce 63.8 μg BD/bidi in the mainstream smoke [ 19 ]. The BD yields in the mainstream smoke of 60 commercial U.S. little cigars vary from 46 to 243 μg/cigar [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases

Chen

Zhang

2022

Genes and Environ

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Abstract1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.

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Volatile Organic Compounds in Mainstream Smoke of Sixty Domestic Little Cigar Products

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in the Filler and Smoke of Tobacco-Containing Tobacco Products

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in the Filler and Smoke of Tobacco-Containing Tobacco Products

Hydrogen Cyanide and Aromatic Amine Yields in the Mainstream Smoke of 60 Little Cigars

1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases

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