Volatile organic compound and particulate emissions from the production and use of thermoplastic biocomposite 3D printing filaments

Väisänen, Antti; Alonen, Lauri; Ylönen, Sampsa; Hyttinen, Marko

doi:10.1080/15459624.2022.2063879

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…[6] Concern has been raised about the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from thermoplastics during the 3D printing process. [7,8] Lactide, propionic acid, and 2-butanone are the piles of VOCs released by PLA filament at 220 °C [9] while styrene and ethylbenzene were found in the air when ABS was used as the printing material. [10] These VOCs are carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic, affect the respiratory system and cause irritation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch/Wood Powder/Glycerol/Lemongrass Essential Oil Composite as Hydro‐Degradable Materials for 3D Printing

Chan,

Wang,

Tee

et al. 2024

Starch Stärke

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The dependency of 3D printing on thermoplastics releases volatile organic compounds and contributes to global microplastic pollution. The objective of this study is to explore the potential of hydro‐degradable starch‐based composite as a 3D printing material by considering its printability, hydro‐degradability, and strength. Starch is hydro degradable, however, it exhibits low strength thus attempts are made to improve the strength of the composite by starch coating and using lemongrass essential oil (LEO) as an additive. The result shows that 0.2 wt% of LEO increased the strength of starch/wood powder/glycerol/LEO (SWGL) composite by 55% and reduced the contact angle by ≈27° compared to the control. Starch coating increases the strength of the composite by filling up the voids in the structure and producing an integrated homogeneous surface. The SWGL composites exhibit good hydro degradability, especially under acidic conditions, due to the high‐water sorption rate and solubility. The printability of SWGL composites is good where the objects are printed as designed with the aid of a heating chamber. In conclusion, SWGL with 0.5wt% LEO is suitable for real‐life application as the 3D printing material for photo frames and souvenirs due to its good hydro degradability and moderate tensile strength.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch/Wood Powder/Glycerol/Lemongrass Essential Oil Composite as Hydro‐Degradable Materials for 3D Printing

Chan,

Wang,

Tee

et al. 2024

Starch Stärke

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“…Notably, the quantity and composition of these emissions from commercially available printers remain relatively understudied, owing to the novelty and continual innovation in the field. Research indicates that commonly used filaments in 3D printing can expose individuals to a spectrum of chemicals, potentially leading to adverse health effects like irritation of the respiratory tract, damage to the liver and central nervous system, as well as being possible carcinogens, which poses a threat to workers coming into contact with AM daily, as well as public consumers [7], [8]- [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Daily Intake of Indoor Air Pollutants From 3d Printing

Laicāns,

Ķibilda,

Žvagiņa

et al. 2024

ETR

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The scientific community is increasingly focusing on indoor air quality (IAQ) more than ever, driven by on-going research and fresh perspectives including development of 3D technologies. Exposure dose (EDa) resulting from inhalation of indoor air pollutants emitted by 3D printers were calculated in this study. The consideration of emissions from 3D printers is based on experimental data, primarily sourced from reviewed literature. However, this research also includes some experimental values, excluding the background levels of these pollutants. Experiments were conducted using several 3D printers available (Zortrax M300 Dual) to compare the indoor air pollutants generated and their concentrations with information gathered from earlier research. In the experiments, filaments containing ABS (acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene copolymer material, commonly used for 3D printing) were utilized. EDa values of styrene, toluene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde for 8-hour and 12-hour shifts for average and maximal (reported) concentrations were calculated based on the available experimental and literature data. The average concentrations of these pollutants were determined by calculating the arithmetic mean, which incorporated concentration values obtained from previous research and experimental data collected within this study. It was concluded that further investigation should focus on aerial concentrations of styrene generated during 3D printing. Calculated EDa for styrene from several studies exceeded the recommended guidelines for Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) by at least 35%. Further exploration is imperative to incorporate additional pathways of indoor air pollutant exposure, such as skin contact and ingestion. This comprehensive approach will provide a more thorough understanding of the overall health risks associated with indoor air quality during 3D printing.

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