Volatile Methyl Siloxanes as Key Biogas Pollutants: Occurrence, Impacts and Treatment Technologies

Rivera-Montenegro, Laura; Valenzuela, Edgardo I.; González-Sánchez, Armando; Muñoz, Raúl; Quijano, Guillermo

doi:10.1007/s12155-022-10525-y

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…The primary components of biogas are 50–70% CH 4 and 30–50% CO 2 , and the minor components consist of NH 3 , H 2 S, halogenated compounds, and volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]; in particular, VMSs are considered to be the most troublesome in current biogas-cleaning and -upgrading technologies [ 5 ]. In recent years, however, VMSs have become widespread in different types of biogas due to the extensive use of polydimethicone in the formulation of personal care products, industrial lubricants, glues, paints, and detergents [ 6 ]. The presence of VMSs will decrease the practical applicability of biogas; this occurs because they will be converted into microcrystalline silica during combustion, thus damaging engine devices (i.e., pistons, cylinders, and valves) and inhibiting heat conduction as well as lubrication [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, however, VMSs have become widespread in different types of biogas due to the extensive use of polydimethicone in the formulation of personal care products, industrial lubricants, glues, paints, and detergents [ 6 ]. The presence of VMSs will decrease the practical applicability of biogas; this occurs because they will be converted into microcrystalline silica during combustion, thus damaging engine devices (i.e., pistons, cylinders, and valves) and inhibiting heat conduction as well as lubrication [ 6 , 7 ]. Thus, the VMS must be removed from biogas prior to use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cryogenic condensation, biological technology, catalytic processes, membrane separation, absorption, and adsorption are the most common approaches used to remove the VMS from biogas [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Among the reported methods for the removal of VMS, adsorption has been found to be one of the most effective due to its high efficiency, facile operation, and strong economic feasibility [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hexamethyldisiloxane Removal from Biogas Using a Fe3O4–Urea-Modified Three-Dimensional Graphene Aerogel

Lv,

Hou,

Zheng

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS), which are considered to be the most troublesome impurities in current biogas-cleaning technologies, need to be removed. In this study, we fabricated a series of Fe3O4–urea-modified reduced graphene-oxide aerogels (Fe3O4–urea–rGOAs) by using industrial-grade graphene oxide as the raw material. A fixed-bed dynamic adsorption setup was built, and the adsorption properties of the Fe3O4–urea–rGOAs for hexamethyldisiloxane (L2, as a VMS model pollutant) were studied. The properties of the as-prepared samples were investigated by employing various characterization techniques (SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption techniques). The results showed that the Fe3O4–urea–rGOA–0.4 had a high specific surface area (188 m2 g−1), large porous texture (0.77 cm3 g−1), and the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity for L2 (146.5 mg g−1). The adsorption capacity considerably increased with a decrease in the bed temperature of the adsorbents, as well as with an increase in the inlet concentration of L2. More importantly, the spent Fe3O4–urea–rGOA adsorbent could be readily regenerated and showed an excellent adsorption performance. Thus, the proposed Fe3O4–urea–rGOAs are promising adsorbents for removing the VMS in biogas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hexamethyldisiloxane Removal from Biogas Using a Fe3O4–Urea-Modified Three-Dimensional Graphene Aerogel

Lv,

Hou,

Zheng

et al. 2023

Molecules

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“…During the last 20 years, degradation of organosiloxanes has become a hot research topic in the context of biogas valorization (Braganca et al 2020 ; Golmakani et al 2022 ; Rivera-Montenegro et al 2022 ; Rücker et al 2023 ). Biogases, mixtures of mostly methane and carbon dioxide, are an upcoming power resource advantageous in terms of greenness, sustainability, and climate protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, siloxanes have to be removed from crude biogas, a task of immediate economic relevance (Golmakani et al 2022 ). For this purpose, adsorption to porous materials such as active carbon is state of the art, but alternative technologies are in high demand (De Arespacochaga et al 2020 ; Braganca et al 2020 ; Gaj 2020 ; Das et al 2022 ; Rivera-Montenegro et al 2022 ; Alves et al 2023 ; Pascual et al 2023 ; Gaj and Cichuta 2023 ). As such, recently biodegradation of siloxanes is an active field of research (Grabitz et al 2021 ; Rücker et al 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Si–C bonds formed in the environment and/or in technical microbiological systems?

Rücker

Winkelmann

Kümmerer

2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Organosiloxanes are industrially produced worldwide in millions of tons per annum and are widely used by industry, professionals, and consumers. Some of these compounds are PBT (persistent, biaccumulative and toxic) or vPvB (very persistent and very bioaccumulative). If organosiloxanes react at all in the environment, Si–O bonds are hydrolyzed or Si–C bonds are oxidatively cleaved, to result finally in silica and carbon dioxide. In strong contrast and very unexpectedly, recently formation of new Si–CH3 bonds from siloxanes and methane by the action of microorganisms under mild ambient conditions was proposed (in landfills or digesters) and even reported (in a biotrickling filter, 30 °C). This is very surprising in view of the harsh conditions required in industrial Si–CH3 synthesis. Here, we scrutinized the pertinent papers, with the result that evidence put forward for Si–C bond formation from siloxanes and methane in technical microbiological systems is invalid, suggesting such reactions will not occur in the environment where they are even less favored by conditions. The claim of such reactions followed from erroneous calculations and misinterpretation of experimental results. We propose an alternative explanation of the experimental observations, i.e., the putative observation of such reactions was presumably due to confusion of two compounds, hexamethyldisiloxane and dimethylsilanediol, that elute at similar retention times from standard GC columns.

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Removal of volatile methyl siloxanes in an anoxic two-phase partitioning bioreactor operated with hydrophobic biomass

Flores-Salgado,

Contreras,

Pérez-Trevilla

et al. 2023

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Volatile Methyl Siloxanes as Key Biogas Pollutants: Occurrence, Impacts and Treatment Technologies

Cited by 6 publications

References 130 publications

Hexamethyldisiloxane Removal from Biogas Using a Fe3O4–Urea-Modified Three-Dimensional Graphene Aerogel

Hexamethyldisiloxane Removal from Biogas Using a Fe3O4–Urea-Modified Three-Dimensional Graphene Aerogel

Are Si–C bonds formed in the environment and/or in technical microbiological systems?

Removal of volatile methyl siloxanes in an anoxic two-phase partitioning bioreactor operated with hydrophobic biomass

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