Volatile Metabolome and Aroma Differences of Six Cultivars of Prunus mume Blossoms

Abstract

Prunus mume is a traditional Chinese plant with high ornamental and application values due to its very early blooming and unique fragrance. Long-term breeding and cultivation have resulted in a variety of P. mume blossoms and have made their exploitation more possible. Existing studies on the volatile metabolome and aroma of P. mume blossoms are limited. In this study, six extensively planted cultivars of P. mume blossoms, including Gulihong (GLH), Yudie (YD), LvE (LE), Dongfang Zhusha (DFZS), Jiangmei (JM), and Gongfen (GF), were investigated for their differences in terms of volatile metabolome, as well as their aroma characteristics based on the strategies and methods of metabolomics. The volatile metabolites were analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS technique. A total of eighty-nine compounds were detected and sixty-five of them were tentatively identified, including thirty-seven phenylpropanoids/benzenes, seventeen fatty acid derivatives, ten terpenoids, and one other compound. YD contains the most volatile metabolites in terms of number and amounts, which impart more abundant aromas to this cultivar. Fifteen differential compounds were screened through the untargeted metabolic analysis of twenty-nine samples by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), while nine compounds were screened based on the odor activity value (OAV) analysis of the sixty-five identified compounds. GLH and GF, JM and LE were found to be more similar to each other based on chemometrics analysis of both volatile contents and OAVs, while YD and DFZS were markedly different from other cultivars. Six main metabolites, including benzaldehyde, methyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, eugenol, (E)-cinnamic alcohol, and 4-allylphenol, together with 2-nonenal, 3,4-dimethoxytoluene, and trans-β-Ionone were screened as differential compounds, owing to their higher contents and/or lower olfactory threshold, which endow an almond, cherry, phenolic, wintergreen, cananga odorata, floral, jasmine, hyacinth, cinnamon, clove, woody, medicinal, and violet fragrance to each variety, and greatly contribute to the aroma differences of six cultivars of P. mume blossom.

Variation in the Floral Scent Chemistry of Nymphaea ‘Eldorado’, a Valuable Water Lily, with Different Flowering Stages and Flower Parts

“…The volatile components were identified by comparison of their RI and mass spectra with the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) [59], PubChem [60], and Pherobase [61] databases [62,63], and the relevant literature [29,30,42,64,65]. The relative content of each component in the sample was calculated using the peak area normalization method [66]. The spectrum of each compound was analyzed by Xcalibur and NIST 2014 (NIST Database, ChemSW, Inc., Fairfield, CA, USA), and compounds were identified according to their retention times (RTs) and the NIST database.…”

The LibHLH22 and LibHLH63 from Lilium ‘Siberia’ Can Positively Regulate Volatile Terpenoid Biosynthesis

“…[1,2]. To make better use of floral fragrance in order to meet people's daily life needs, the compounds, release rules, and molecular regulatory mechanisms of various fragrant flowers have been studied deeply, such as rose, peony, orchid, wintersweet, freesia, dendrobium, osmanthus, oncidium, plum blossom, and Hedychium coronarium [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Lilies are also known as famous fragrant flowers, and therefore, the composition and biosynthesis of their floral fragrance have been extensively studied.…”