Volatile fluxes during flood basalt eruptions and potential effects on the global environment: A Deccan perspective

Self, Stephen; Widdowson, Mike; Thordarson, T.; Jay, A. E.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.041

Cited by 281 publications

(255 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Swanson, 1972;Dvorak and Dzurisin, 1993). Furthermore, this output rate is about 52% of the inferred output rate of the Columbia River Basalt Group at time when activity was at its peak, but only 8% of the estimated peak output rate for the Deccan traps (Tolan et al, 1989;Self et al, 2006). The figures given here are minimum values for the magma productivity at all of the volcanic provinces considered, because they do not account for the volume of non-erupted magma stored in intrusions within the crust.…”

Section: Magma Output: Volume Of Erupted Magmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Thordarson

Larsen

2007

Journal of Geodynamics

506

454

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The large-scale volcanic lineaments in Iceland are an axial zone, which is delineated by the Reykjanes, West and North Volcanic Zones (RVZ, WVZ, NVZ) and the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), which is growing in length by propagation to the southwest through pre-existing crust. These zones are connected across central Iceland by the Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB). Other volcanically active areas are the two intraplate belts ofÖraefajökull (ÖVB) and Snaefellsnes (SVB). The principal structure of the volcanic zones are the 30 volcanic systems, where 12 are comprised of a fissure swarm and a central volcano, 7 of a central volcano, 9 of a fissure swarm and a central domain, and 2 are typified by a central domain alone.Volcanism in Iceland is unusually diverse for an oceanic island because of special geological and climatological circumstances. It features nearly all volcano types and eruption styles known on Earth. The first order grouping of volcanoes is in accordance with recurrence of eruptions on the same vent system and is divided into central volcanoes (polygenetic) and basalt volcanoes (monogenetic). The basalt volcanoes are categorized further in accordance with vent geometry (circular or linear), type of vent accumulation, characteristic style of eruption and volcanic environment (i.e. subaerial, subglacial, submarine).Eruptions are broadly grouped into effusive eruptions where >95% of the erupted magma is lava, explosive eruptions if >95% of the erupted magma is tephra (volume calculated as dense rock equivalent, DRE), and mixed eruptions if the ratio of lava to tephra occupy the range in between these two end-members. Although basaltic volcanism dominates, the activity in historical time (i.e. last 11 centuries) features expulsion of basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite magmas that have produced effusive eruptions of Hawaiian and flood lava magnitudes, mixed eruptions featuring phases of Strombolian to Plinian intensities, and explosive phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions spanning almost the entire intensity scale; from Surtseyan to Phreatoplinian in case of "wet" eruptions and Strombolian to Plinian in terms of "dry" eruptions. In historical time the magma volume extruded by individual eruptions ranges from ∼1 m 3 to ∼20 km 3 DRE, reflecting variable magma compositions, effusion rates and eruption durations.All together 205 eruptive events have been identified in historical time by detailed mapping and dating of events along with extensive research on documentation of eruptions in historical chronicles. Of these 205 events, 192 represent individual eruptions and 13 are classified as "Fires", which include two or more eruptions defining an episode of volcanic activity that lasts for months to years. Of the 159 eruptions verified by identification of their products 124 are explosive, effusive eruptions are 14 and mixed eruptions are 21. Eruptions listed as reported-only are 33. Eight of the Fires are predominantly effusive and the remaining five include explosive activity that produced extensive tephra layers...

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Section: Magma Output: Volume Of Erupted Magmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Thordarson

Larsen

2007

Journal of Geodynamics

506

454

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“…Some au thors, though, have re cently chal lenged the causal link be tween end-Tri as sic meth ane re lease and ter res trial eco sys tem cri sis . In deed, the green house ef fect as a single cause of ter res trial ex tinc tions is chal lenged by many authors, who em pha size en vi ron men tal stress caused by emission of volcanogenic toxic com pounds, soil acid i fi ca tion and suc ces sive rapid cli ma tic re ver sals (Self et al, 2006;Ganino and Arndt, 2009;Schootbrugge et al, 2009;Racki, 2010;Pieñkowski et al, 2012Pieñkowski et al, , 2014Schaller et al, 2012). More over, it was found that at mo spheric CO 2 con cen tra tions had increased ear lier in the Rhaetian (Cleve land et al, 2008;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic disaster at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary - a clay minerals and major elements record from the Polish Basin

Brański

2014

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1 Pol ish Geo log i cal In sti tute -Na tional Re search In sti tute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Po land Brañski, P., 2014. Cli ma tic di sas ter at the Tri as sic-Ju ras sic bound ary -a clay min er als and ma jor el e ments re cord from the Pol ish Ba sin. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 58 (2): 291-310, doi: 10.7306/gq.1161The Tri as sic-Ju ras sic bound ary in ter val (ca. 201 Ma) was a time of sud den global en vi ron men tal changes trig gered by Pangea breakup and Cen tral At lan tic Mag matic Prov ince de vel op ment. The bulk-rock min er al ogy, clay min er al ogy and major el e ment geo chem is try of 87 con ti nen tal mudrock sam ples col lected from four bore hole cores yield in for ma tion on Rhaetian-ear li est Hettangian palaeoclimatic changes in the Pol ish Ba sin. Dur ing the Rhaetian, smectite pre pon der ance was re placed by kaolinite and illite dom i na tion. This fun da men tal shift in clay min eral as sem blages (sup ported by ma jor el ement data) in di cates very sig nif i cant change in cli mate hu mid ity. More over, some beds in the Zagaje For ma tion (Up per Rhaetian-Lower Hettangian) are par tic u larly rich in kaolinite in di cat ing ex treme chem i cal weath er ing in hu mid-sub trop i cal to trop i cal cli mate ep i sodes in the af ter math of pow er ful warm ing and abun dant rain fall. Im por tantly, the first dis tinct kaolinite en rich ment ap pears al ready in the Lower Rhaetian Wielichowo Beds. In ad di tion, abrupt and ep i sodic shifts in the kaolinite-illite ra tio and in val ues of weath er ing in di ces point to pro found cli mate de sta bi li sa tion and a se quence of fre quent, cat a strophic cli ma tic re ver sals in the Late Rhaetian and at the Tri as sic-Ju ras sic bound ary. These re sults are gen er ally consis tent with car bon iso tope re cords in sec tions world wide.Key words: Tri as sic-Ju ras sic bound ary, clay min er als, ma jor el e ments, weath er ing re gime, palaeoclimatic shifts, Pol ish Ba sin.

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“…Assuming no hiatus between flows the whole BRM CO2 output would total 1.65 × 10 4 Tg -2.11 × 10 5 Tg at a rate of 8.67 × 10 2 Tg a -1 , compared with 3.15 × 10 4 Tg a -1 CO2 produced annually from anthropogenic sources (Le Quéré et al, 2014). Given the modern atmosphere contains ~3 × 10 6 Tg CO2 (Self et al, 2006), total instantaneous release from the entire BRM would increase CO2 by up to 7%, however, since 32 the Cambrian atmosphere was around 15 times more enriched in background CO2 (Crowley and Berner, 2001), BRM CO2 output in an theoretical instantaneous snapshot would contribute < 0.5% of the total atmospheric CO2 at the time of eruption. Laki emitted at least 3.04 × 10 2 Tg CO2 (Hartley et al, 2014) whilst the Roza flow, a single constituent of the Columbia River Basalts, contributed 1.43 x 10 4 Tg CO2 (calculated by Eq.…”

Section: Carbon Dioxide (Co2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This analysis is often not possible given the paucity of such inclusions in CFBP basalts and this together with the pervasive alteration of BRM samples precludes use of this method. Nevertheless, since CO2 is relatively insoluble in basaltic melts, while the mantle is under-saturated with respect to CO2 (Saal et al, 2002), we can employ values determined from previous estimates of CFBP volatile release (Self et al, , 2006, and adopt 0.5 wt.% for the pre-eruptive CO2 concentration in basalt. Assuming 100% degassing, the mass of CO2 release can be calculated by Eq.…”

Section: Carbon Dioxide (Co2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other typical indicators of lava-water interaction such as peperite, hyaloclastites and pillow lavas are entirely absent from the observed outcrop, and all current observation indicates that these lavas were erupted into an unequivocally terrestrial environment. Thordarson and Self (1993) b c Hartley et al (2014) d Tolan et al (1989) e Thordarson and Self (1998) f g Self et al (2006) …”

Section: Interactions With Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Giant Lavas of Kalkarindji: rubbly pāhoehoe lava in an ancient continental flood basalt province

Marshall

Widdowson

Murphy

2016

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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The Kalkarindji continental flood basalt province of northern Australia erupted in the mid Cambrian . It now consists of scattered basaltic lava fields, the most extensive being the Antrim Plateau Volcanics (APV) -a semi-continuous outcrop (c. 50,000 km 2 ) reaching a maximum thickness of 1.1 km. Cropping out predominately in the SW of the APV, close to the top of the basalt succession, lies the Blackfella Rockhole Member (BRM). Originally described as 'basaltic agglomerate' the BRM has, in recent years, been assumed to be explosive tephra of phreatomagmatic origin, thus providing a potent vehicle for volatile release to the upper atmosphere. Our detailed field investigations reveal that this basaltic agglomerate is, in reality, giant rubble collections (15 -20 m thick) forming the upper crusts of rubbly pāhoehoe lava units 25 -40 m thick; covering 18,000 -72,000 km 2 and an estimated volume of 1,500 -19,200 km 3 . These flows, rheologically but not chemically, distinct from the majority of Kalkarindji lavas, indicate a fundamental change in eruption dynamics. A low volatile content, induced high amounts of pre-eruptive degassing causing super-cooling and an increase in crystal nucleation and viscosity. A more viscous lava and a consistently faster rate of effusion (analogous to that of Laki, Iceland) created the flow dynamics necessary to disturb the lava crust to the extent seen in the BRM. Volatile release is estimated at 1.65 × 10 4 -2.11 × 10 5 Tg total CO2 at a rate of 867 Tg a -1 and 9.07 × 10 3 -1.16 × 10 5 Tg SO2 at 476.50 Tg a -1 . These masses accounted for 0.5% of Cambrian atmospheric conditions whilst limiting factors reduced the effect of volatile delivery to the atmosphere, thus any potential global impact caused by these flows alone was minimal.

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Volatile fluxes during flood basalt eruptions and potential effects on the global environment: A Deccan perspective

Cited by 281 publications

References 54 publications

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Climatic disaster at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary - a clay minerals and major elements record from the Polish Basin

The Giant Lavas of Kalkarindji: rubbly pāhoehoe lava in an ancient continental flood basalt province

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