Abstract:In recent years, interest in the biorefinery concept has emerged in the utilization of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by acidogenic fermentation as precursors for various biotechnological processes. This has attracted substantial attention to VFA production from low-cost substrates such as organic waste and membrane based VFA recovery techniques to achieve cost-effective and environmentally friendly processes. However, there are few reviews which emphasize the acidogenic fermentation of organic waste int… Show more
“…Undissociated VFA can penetrate cell membrane easily and dissociate within cells' cytoplasm inhibiting growth [31] by disrupting the proton gradient across the cell and blocking ATP synthesis [32]. On the other hand, at higher pH, VFAs can occur in their dissociated form [33,34] leading to an increase in ionic strength at higher concentrations and eventually resulting in cell lysis [23,32]. As minimal or nonsignificant cell toxicity or growth inhibition was observed at 10 mM of each VFA, we opted to use this concentration for each VFA in PHA production in bioreactors from synthetic VFA mix.…”
The facultative chemolithoautotroph Cupriavidus necator H16 is able to grow aerobically either with organic substrates or H2 and CO2 s and it can accumulate large amounts of (up to 90%) poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer. The ability of this organism to co-utilize volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and CO2 as sources of carbon under mixotrophic growth conditions was investigated and PHA production was monitored. PHA accumulation was assessed under aerobic conditions, with either individual VFAs or in mixtures, under three different conditions—with CO2 as additional carbon source, without CO2 and with CO2 and H2 as additional sources of carbon and energy. VFAs utilisation rates were slower in the presence of CO2. PHA production was significantly higher when cultures were grown mixotrophically and with H2 as an additional energy source compared to heterotrophic or mixotrophic growth conditions, without H2. Furthermore, a two-step VFA feeding regime was found to be the most effective method for PHA accumulation. It was used for PHA production mixotrophically using CO2, H2 and VFA mixture derived from an anaerobic digestor (AD). The data obtained demonstrated that process parameters need to be carefully monitored to avoid VFA toxicity and low product accumulation.
“…Undissociated VFA can penetrate cell membrane easily and dissociate within cells' cytoplasm inhibiting growth [31] by disrupting the proton gradient across the cell and blocking ATP synthesis [32]. On the other hand, at higher pH, VFAs can occur in their dissociated form [33,34] leading to an increase in ionic strength at higher concentrations and eventually resulting in cell lysis [23,32]. As minimal or nonsignificant cell toxicity or growth inhibition was observed at 10 mM of each VFA, we opted to use this concentration for each VFA in PHA production in bioreactors from synthetic VFA mix.…”
The facultative chemolithoautotroph Cupriavidus necator H16 is able to grow aerobically either with organic substrates or H2 and CO2 s and it can accumulate large amounts of (up to 90%) poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer. The ability of this organism to co-utilize volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and CO2 as sources of carbon under mixotrophic growth conditions was investigated and PHA production was monitored. PHA accumulation was assessed under aerobic conditions, with either individual VFAs or in mixtures, under three different conditions—with CO2 as additional carbon source, without CO2 and with CO2 and H2 as additional sources of carbon and energy. VFAs utilisation rates were slower in the presence of CO2. PHA production was significantly higher when cultures were grown mixotrophically and with H2 as an additional energy source compared to heterotrophic or mixotrophic growth conditions, without H2. Furthermore, a two-step VFA feeding regime was found to be the most effective method for PHA accumulation. It was used for PHA production mixotrophically using CO2, H2 and VFA mixture derived from an anaerobic digestor (AD). The data obtained demonstrated that process parameters need to be carefully monitored to avoid VFA toxicity and low product accumulation.
“…These methods can even provide in situ separation of the VFAs from the fermentation broth and prevent the inhibitory impact of the VFAs on the metabolism of the microorganisms and increase the acid production yield [37]. The performance of various membrane types to recover VFAs has been reviewed [38][39][40]. In general, these techniques are potentially able to enhance the recovery of VFAs.…”
Section: Recovery Of the Vfa From Fermentation Brothmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The main drawbacks associated with the various membranes are membrane fouling, high energy demand, and not being selective enough toward VFAs in the complex mixture of the fermentation effluent. Furthermore, the high cost of membrane maintenance and replacement hinders the economy of operation [38]. Bóna et al [35] applied nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), and supported liquid membrane (SILM) to recover VFAs from a model fermentation solution.…”
Section: Recovery Of the Vfa From Fermentation Brothmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since acid recovery using liquid-liquid extraction [32,43] and membrane-based technologies [38,39] have recently been extensively reviewed, the reader is referred to these reviews for an extensive overview of these technologies. However, since the liquid-liquid extraction reviews have appeared in 2018 [43] and 2019 [32], we include here a brief section on the latest developments in recovery of VFAs by liquid-liquid extraction technology, while the main focus of the present review is on adsorption and we evaluate the current adsorbents and their regeneration methods.…”
Section: Recovery Of the Vfa From Fermentation Brothmentioning
In an era where it becomes less and less accepted to just send waste to landfills and release wastewater into the environment without treatment, numerous initiatives are pursued to facilitate chemical production from waste. This includes microbial conversions of waste in digesters, and with this type of approach, a variety of chemicals can be produced. Typical for digestion systems is that the products are present only in (very) dilute amounts. For such productions to be technically and economically interesting to pursue, it is of key importance that effective product recovery strategies are being developed. In this review, we focus on the recovery of biologically produced carboxylic acids, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs), medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs), long-chain dicarboxylic acids (LCDAs) being directly produced by microorganisms, and indirectly produced unsaturated short-chain acids (USCA), as well as polymers. Key recovery techniques for carboxylic acids in solution include liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, and membrane separations. The route toward USCA is discussed, including their production by thermal treatment of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers and the downstream separations. Polymers included in this review are extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Strategies for fractionation of the different fractions of EPS are discussed, aiming at the valorization of both polysaccharides and proteins. It is concluded that several separation strategies have the potential to further develop the wastewater valorization chains.
“…Veeken and Hamelers [12] used Contois kinetics with inhibition of 30 g of volatile fatty acid (VFA) per liter, which yielded an adequate result in treating biowaste. Meanwhile, Veeken et al [13] elucidated the VFA inhibition mechanism by designing a set of experiments for treating organic solid waste. The result showed that no inhibition by non-ionized VFA or VFA can be measured at pH between 5 and 7 and that acidic pH was the inhibitor factor.…”
The process kinetics of an anaerobic digestion process for treating recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) was investigated. A laboratory-scale modified anaerobic hybrid baffled reactor (MAHB) was operated at hydraulic retention times of 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and the results were analyzed for the kinetic models. A kinetic study was conducted by examining the phase kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process, which were divided into three main stages: hydrolysis kinetics, acetogenesis kinetics, and methane production kinetics. The study demonstrated that hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step. The applied Monod and Contois kinetic models showed satisfactory prediction with values of 1.476 and 0.6796 L day−1, respectively.
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