Volatile environmental pollutants in biological matrixes with a headspace purge technique

Michael, Larry C.; Erickson, Mitchell D.; Parks, Sandra P.; Pellizzari, Edo D.

doi:10.1021/ac50062a014

Cited by 44 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The method was modified and improved for use in the U.S. EPA-sponsored studies (19)(20)(21). The subject inhales pure humidified and charcoal-scrubbed air from a 20-liter Tedlar bag that has previously been filled from a pure air cylinder and then exhales into a second 20-liter Tedlar bag.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Wallace

Buckley

Pellizzari

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

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A brief review of the uses of breath analysis in studies of environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is provided. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's large-scale Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Studies have measured concentrations of 32 target VOCs in the exhaled breath of about 800 residents of various U.S. cities. Since the previous 12-hr integrated personal air exposures to the same chemicals were also measured, the relation between exposure and body burden is illuminated. Another major use of the breath measurements has been to detect unmeasured pathways of exposure; the major impact of active smoking on exposure to benzene and styrene was detected in this way. Following the earlier field studies, a series of chamber studies have provided estimates of several important physiological parameters. Among these are the fraction, f, of the inhaled chemical that is exhaled under steady-state conditions and the residence times, t, in several body compartments, which may be associated with the blood (or liver), organs, muscle, and fat. Most of the targeted VOCs appear to have similar residence times of a few minutes, 30 min, several hours, and several days in the respective tissue groups. Knowledge of these parameters can be helpful in estimating body burden from exposure or vice versa and in planning environmental studies, particularly in setting times to monitor breath in studies of the variation with time of body burden. Improvements in breath methods have made it possible to study short-term peak exposure situations such as filling a gas tank or taking a shower in contaminated water.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Wallace

Buckley

Pellizzari

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

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“…As seen in figure 5, considerably more sensitivity is possible with P/T-GC-FPD speciation of related organotin species known [5,10,111 to occur in environmental media. Much greater divergence in the P/T-GC-FPD system calibration slopes (ratios > 25) is obtained, probably a result of different hydridization rates during the fixed P/T purge time (10 min), different partition coefficients affecting sparging rates of each species [12], or different retentivities on the Tenax-GC sorbent (46]. On the basis of the 6 values obtained for the GC method ( fig.…”

Section: Comparison Of Analytical Results From Gc-fpd and Hplc-gfaamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presumably, these effects could arise from formation of chlorohydroxy tin species favoring more rapid hydridization (cf. equations (5) and (7)) [5,32], as well as the more propitious partition coefficients for dynamic gas stripping of the volatile tin hydrides from saline solutions [12,46). In the typical laboratory distilled water calibration solutions only 16 percent of Sn(II) was recovered as SnH 4 , compared with Sn(IV), though this sensitivity ratio can probably be altered somewhat with pH changes [10,57].…”

Section: The Question Of Sn(iv) and Sn(ii) Speciation In Aquatic Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultratrace Speciation and Biogenesis of Methyltin Transport Species in Estuarine Waters

Brinckman

Jackson

Blair

et al. 1983

Trace Metals in Sea Water

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Environmental tin, widely dispersed at low concentrations in waters, sediments, and biota, is now perceived to be a bioactive element susceptible to methylation and even hydridization by marine bacteria. Nonetheless, the redox cycle of tin in natural waters is poorly understood and recent advances in tin-specific molecular characterization fail to speciate Sn(II) and Sn(IV) reliably. On the other hand, such rapid developments in speciation methodology now permit growing numbers of studies of organotin distributions in aquatic systems, raising the question of the Lnatural? biogeochemical flux of methylstannanes in relation to increased anthropogenic organotin influx from industry and shipping. New methods for direct speciation of aquated or involatile organotins by liquid chromatography are compared with advances in purge-and-trap sampling of volatile or hydrophobic organotins speciated by gas chromatography. The work in our laboratory indicates that effective models for estuarine formation and transport may ultimately be developed, but that basic roadblocks to progress stem from inadequate descriptive aqueous organometallic chemistry and knowledge of critical kinetic parameters for the lifetimes of key organotin species in sea water.

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“…The method is sensitive enough (ppt levels) to determine background levels of VOCs in the population and provides adequate accuracy (114-118% recovery) and precision ( Few methods are available for the determination of ethylbenzene in body fluids and tissues other than blood. A modified dynamic headspace method for determination of ethylbenzene in urine, mother's milk, and adipose tissue has been reported (Michael et al 1980). Volatiles swept from the sample are analyzed by capillary GC/FID.…”

Section: Biological Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Volatiles swept from the sample are analyzed by capillary GC/FID. Acceptable recovery was reported for model compounds, but detection limits were not reported (Michael et al 1980). Ethylbenzene in brain tissue may be determined using a headspace, capillary/ion trap detector (ITD) technique (Schuberth 1996).…”

Section: Biological Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Profile for Ethylbenzene

2002

ATSDR's Toxicological Profiles

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Volatile environmental pollutants in biological matrixes with a headspace purge technique

Cited by 44 publications

References 13 publications

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Ultratrace Speciation and Biogenesis of Methyltin Transport Species in Estuarine Waters

Toxicological Profile for Ethylbenzene

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