Volatile Compounds in Fruit Peels as Novel Biomarkers for the Identification of Four Citrus Species

Zhang, Haipeng; Huang, Wen; Chen, Jiajing; Peng, Zhaoxin; Shi, Meiyan; Chen, Mengjun; Yuan, Ziyu; Liu, Yuan; Zhang, Hongyan; Xu, Juan

doi:10.3390/molecules24244550

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…The chemical components identified in the peels of 66 citrus germplasms from four Citrus horticultural groups (mandarin, orange, grapefruit, and lemon) were also used for biomarker mining. Thirty potential biomarkers were identified, and four compounds (β-elemene, valencene, nootkatone, and limettin) were validated as biomarkers [29]. However, Luro et al [30] found that the diversity based on leaf oil compositions from Citrus medica varieties did not agree with the molecular diversity and was therefore unsuitable for intraspecific phylogenetic studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives

Baccati

Gibernau

Paoli

et al. 2021

Plants

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The Papeda Citrus subgenus includes several species belonging to two genetically distinct groups, containing mostly little-exploited wild forms of citrus. However, little is known about the potentially large and novel aromatic diversity contained in these wild citruses. In this study, we characterized and compared the essential oils obtained from peels and leaves from representatives of both Papeda groups, and three related hybrids. Using a combination of GC, GC-MS, and 13C-NMR spectrometry, we identified a total of 60 compounds in peel oils (PO), and 76 compounds in leaf oils (LO). Limonene was the major component in almost all citrus PO, except for C. micrantha and C. hystrix, where β-pinene dominated (around 35%). LO composition was more variable, with different major compounds among almost all samples, except for two citrus pairs: C. micrantha/C. hystrix and two accessions of C. ichangensis. In hybrid relatives, the profiles were largely consistent with their Citrus/Papeda parental lineage. This high chemical diversity, not only among the sections of the subgenus Papeda, but also between species and even at the intraspecific level, suggests that Papeda may be an important source of aroma diversity for future experimental crosses with field crop species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives

Baccati

Gibernau

Paoli

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…The increases in terpene hydrocarbons at OD-50 °C might have been caused by the release of bound volatiles (enzymatic or acid hydrolysis) during the drying process, since volatiles exist in free forms or bound to other molecules such as sugars forming glycosides [ 73 ]. Nevertheless, the oven-drying at 70 °C caused a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in the global levels terpene hydrocarbons ( Figure 1 ) since drying at medium-high temperatures can cause stripping processes, oxidation, and thermal degradation reactions [ 74 ]. In particular, limonene at OD-70 °C decreased to 1000 µg/g in samples dried at 70 °C, even to 852.33 µg/g in Salustriana peels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressurized Extraction as an Opportunity to Recover Antioxidants from Orange Peels: Heat treatment and Nanoemulsion Design for Modulating Oxidative Stress

et al. 2021

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Orange peel by-products generated in the food industry are an important source of value-added compounds that can be potentially reused. In the current research, the effect of oven-drying (50–70 °C) and freeze-drying on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential from Navelina, Salustriana, and Sanguina peel waste was investigated using pressurized extraction (ASE). Sixty volatile components were identified by ASE-GC-MS. The levels of terpene derivatives (sesquitenenes, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and esters) remained practically unaffected among fresh and freeze-dried orange peels, whereas drying at 70 °C caused significative decreases in Navelina, Salustriana, and Sanguina peels. Hesperidin and narirutin were the main flavonoids quantified by HPLC-MS. Freeze-dried Sanguina peels showed the highest levels of total-polyphenols (113.3 mg GAE·g−1), total flavonoids (39.0 mg QE·g−1), outstanding values of hesperedin (187.6 µg·g−1), phenol acids (16.54 mg·g−1 DW), and the greatest antioxidant values (DPPH•, FRAP, and ABTS•+ assays) in comparison with oven-dried samples and the other varieties. Nanotechnology approaches allowed the formulation of antioxidant-loaded nanoemulsions, stabilized with lecithin, starting from orange peel extracts. Those provided 70–80% of protection against oxidative UV-radiation, also decreasing the ROS levels into the Caco-2 cells. Overall, pressurized extracts from freeze-drying orange peel can be considered a good source of natural antioxidants that could be exploited in food applications for the development of new products of commercial interest.

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“…β-caryophyllene, γ-cadinene, and (+)-δ-cadinene were also critical for the separation of those groups ( Figure 8 E). Regarding their relative abundance, these compounds have been identified as chemical markers in other plant species such as Salvia runcinata [ 57 ], Leonotis leonurus [ 58 ], peels of citrus fruits [ 59 ], Lantana radula and L. canescens [ 60 ]. In the same context, 1, 8-cineole and β-caryophyllene were tagged as chemical markers and used to differentiate chemotypes for the essential oil of Thymus serpyllum [ 61 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Genetic and Chemical Diversity of Brickellia veronicifolia Populations Growing in Fragmented Shrublands from Mexico

Pacheco‐Hernández

Villa‐Ruano

Lozoya‐Gloria

et al. 2021

Plants

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Brickellia veronicifolia is a native Asteraceae from Mexico that persists in fragmented habitats. This investigation reports the genetic and chemical diversity of B. veronicifolia. The diversity analysis based on iPBS markers showed an averaged Shannon index (S) of 0.3493, a Nei genetic diversity (h) of 0.2256, and a percentage of polymorphic loci average (P) of 80.7867%. The population structure obtained by AMOVA revealed that the highest variation found within populations was 94.58%. GC-MS profiling of six populations indicated that major volatiles were β–caryophyllene (11.63%), spathulenol (12.85%), caryophyllene oxide (13.98%), α–cadinol (7.04%), cubedol (6.72%) and tau-muurolol (4.81%). Mantel tests suggested a statistically significant relationship between minor volatiles and geographical distance (r = 0.6163; p = 0.0470; p ˂ 0.05). Likewise, major volatiles showed a significant correlation with the soil pH (r = 0.6862; p = 0.0230) and maximum temperature (r = 0.4999; p = 0.0280). Our study suggests that the variation and genetic divergence of B. veronicifolia has no relationship with climatic parameters, whereas the volatiles are probably influenced by environmental factors and not by the genotype per se. Based on the characteristics of B. veronicifolia, this plant could be considered as a candidate for restoring fragmented shrublands in Mexico.

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Volatile Compounds in Fruit Peels as Novel Biomarkers for the Identification of Four Citrus Species

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives

Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives

Pressurized Extraction as an Opportunity to Recover Antioxidants from Orange Peels: Heat treatment and Nanoemulsion Design for Modulating Oxidative Stress

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Genetic and Chemical Diversity of Brickellia veronicifolia Populations Growing in Fragmented Shrublands from Mexico

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