Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions

McDonald, Brian; Gouw, J. A. de; Gilman, J. B.; Jathar, Shantanu H.; Akherati, Ali; Cappa, C. D.; Jimenez, José L.; Lee-Taylor, J.; Hayes, Patrick L.; McKeen, S. A.; Cui, Yu Yan; Kim, Si‐Wan; Gentner, Drew R.; Isaacman‐VanWertz, Gabriel; Goldstein, Allen H.; Harley, Robert A.; Frost, G. J.; Roberts, J. M.; Ryerson, Thomas B.; Trainer, M.

doi:10.1126/science.aaq0524

Cited by 785 publications

(838 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…4.2 could indicate that this factor is linked to secondary organic aerosol from traffic emissions or to transported air masses from industrialized areas. It may also be connected to the oxidation of volatile chemical products such as pesticides, coatings, printing inks or cleaning agents (McDonald et al, 2018). Further discussion about AOOC can be found in Sect.…”

Section: Offline Ams Analysis Results: Factor Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advanced source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols by coupling offline AMS and radiocarbon size-segregated measurements over a nearly 2-year period

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols are related to adverse human health effects. Therefore, identification of their sources and analysis of their chemical composition is important. The offline AMS (aerosol mass spectrometer) technique offers quantitative separation of organic aerosol (OA) factors which can be related to major OA sources, either primary or secondary. While primary OA can be more clearly separated into sources, secondary (SOA) source apportionment is more challenging because different sources -anthropogenic or natural, fossil or non-fossil -can yield similar highly oxygenated mass spectra. Radiocarbon measurements provide unequivocal separation between fossil and non-fossil sources of carbon. Here we coupled these two offline methods and analysed the OA and organic carbon (OC) of different size fractions (particulate matter below 10 and 2.5 µm -PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively) from the Alpine valley of Magadino (Switzerland) during the years 2013 and 2014 (219 samples). The combination of the techniques gave further insight into the characteristics of secondary OC (SOC) which was rather based on the type of SOC precursor and not on the volatility or the oxidation state of OC, as typically considered. Out of the primary sources separated in this study, biomass burning OC was the dominant one in winter, with average concentrations of 5.36 ± 2.64 µg m −3 for PM 10 and 3.83 ± 1.81 µg m −3 for PM 2.5 , indicating that wood combustion particles were predominantly generated in the fine mode. The additional information from the size-segregated measurements revealed a primary sulfur-containing factor, mainly fossil, detected in the coarse size fraction and related to non-exhaust traffic emissions with a yearly average PM 10 (PM 2.5 ) concentration of 0.20 ± 0.24 µg m −3 (0.05 ± 0.04 µg m −3 ). A primary biological OC (PBOC) was also detected in the coarse mode peaking in spring and summer with a yearly average PM 10 (PM 2.5 ) concentration of 0.79 ± 0.31 µg m −3 (0.24 ± 0.20 µg m −3 ). The secondary OC was separated into two oxygenated, non-fossil OC factors which were identified based on their seasonal variability (i.e. summer and winter oxygenated organic carbon, OOC) and a third anthropogenic OOC factor which correlated with fossil OC mainly peaking in winter and spring, contributing on average 13 % ± 7 % (10 % ± 9 %) to the total OC in PM 10 (PM 2.5 ). The winter OOC was also connected to anthropogenic sources, contributing on average 13 % ± 13 % (6 % ± 6 %) to the total OC in PM 10 (PM 2.5 ). The summer OOC (SOOC), stemming from oxidation of biogenic emissions, was more pronounced in the fine mode, contributing on average 43 % ± 12 % (75 % ± 44 %) to the total OC in PM 10 (PM 2.5 ). In total the non-fossil OC significantly dominated the fossil OC throughout all seasons, by contributing on average 75 % ± 24 % to the total OC. The results also suggested that during the cold period the prevailing source was residential biomass burning while during the warm period primaryPublished by Copernicus Publications o...

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Section: Offline Ams Analysis Results: Factor Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also note that fossil SOA may be formed by other sources besides traffic. A recent study revealed that fossil SOA is produced by the oxidation of volatile chemical products coming from petrochemical sources (McDonald et al, 2018).…”

Section: C Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols by coupling offline AMS and radiocarbon size-segregated measurements over a nearly 2-year period

et al. 2018

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“…Toluene was the only VOC measured in pre‐shift blood at high detection rates (>89%). Toluene is ubiquitous, and air salon concentrations were relatively low (median personal air of 39 µg/m 3 ). Further, pre‐shift blood samples were collected in the salon approximately 20‐45 minutes after the technician arrived before nail services were provided, which may have given time for toluene blood level to equilibrate with the salon environment …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area

Ceballos

Craig

et al. 2019

Indoor Air

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Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre‐shift and post‐shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO2 measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m3), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m3), toluene (median 100 µg/m3), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m3). Blood levels were significantly higher post‐shift than pre‐shift for toluene (median pre‐shift 0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre‐shift <0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures.

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“…Indoor pollution levels are often higher than those measured in ambient air . Human beings stay mostly indoors nowadays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from polymer‐based consumer products: Comparison of three emission chamber sizes

et al. 2019

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The ISO 16000 standard series provide guidelines for emission measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials. However, polymer‐based consumer products such as toys may also release harmful substances into indoor air. In such cases, the existing standard procedures are unsuitable for official control laboratories due to high costs for large emission testing chambers. This paper aims at developing and comparing alternative and more competitive methods for the emission testing of consumer products. The influence of the emission chamber size was investigated as smaller chambers are more suited to the common size of consumer products and may help to reduce the costs of testing. Comparison of the performance of a 203 L emission test chamber with two smaller chambers with the capacity of 24 L and 44 mL, respectively, was carried out by using a polyurethane reference material spiked with 14 VOCs during the course of 28 days. The area‐specific emission rates obtained in the small chambers were always similar to those of the 203 L reference chamber after a few hours. This implies that smaller chambers can provide at least useful numbers on the extent of polymer‐based consumer product emissions into indoor air, thereby supporting meaningful exposure assessments.

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Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions

Cited by 785 publications

References 126 publications

Advanced source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols by coupling offline AMS and radiocarbon size-segregated measurements over a nearly 2-year period

Advanced source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols by coupling offline AMS and radiocarbon size-segregated measurements over a nearly 2-year period

Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from polymer‐based consumer products: Comparison of three emission chamber sizes

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