Void and Moisture Content of Fiber Reinforced Composites

Zuhudi, Nurul Zuhairah Mahmud; Zulkifli, Afiq Faizul; Zulkifli, Muzafar; Yahaya, Ahmad Naim Ahmad; Nur, Nurhayati Mohd; Aris, Khairul Dahri Mohd

doi:10.37934/arfmts.87.3.7893

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In Table 7, the moisture content of isolated wheat fibers is presented, revealing that the moisture content was minimal in 2022 for both wheat varieties, for Srpanjka 6.58% and for Kraljica 7.21%. It is worth noting that a content of moisture below 10% is considered favorable, as it requires less energy for drying and allows for easier storage maintenance [83,84]. An increase in moisture regain of up to 11.40% was observed for the Kraljica variety from 2021.…”

Section: Moisture Regain and Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Waste Agricultural Biomass from Straw into Useful Bioproducts—Wheat Fibers and Biofuels

Kovačević,

Bischof,

Bilandžija

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Straw, the primary agricultural waste, constitutes approximately 20% of the total biomass in the EU. Only a small fraction of the material is applied in various products, e.g., animal bedding, mulch, building, and composite materials, while a significantly larger portion is often burned in the field. This practice, while prohibited for several reasons, including the increased risk of fire and the release of carbon dioxide contributing to global warming, is still prevalent. Given the increasingly evident effects of climate change, EU legislation aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible. One of the strategies includes applying the cascade principle in the circular economy. This principle aims to use the entire raw material, in this case, cereal crops, such that the products with the highest added value, like cellulose fibers from cereal straw, are extracted first. The vast potential for utilizing lignocellulosic agro-waste sustainably arises from its status as the most abundant organic compound on Earth. Its significant presence, renewability, and biodegradability make it a desirable source for producing materials in numerous industries. This study examines the potential of wheat fibers, isolated from the straw of two distinct cultivars (Srpanjka represents an old variety, and Kraljica represents the new variety) primarily for application in technical textiles. The following testing methods were applied: determination of wheat fibers and residues yield, fibers tensile properties, length, moisture content/regain, density, morphology, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The yield of isolated fibers relies on the wheat variety and the climatic conditions affecting plant growth, resulting in fiber yields from 10.91% to 15.34%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicates reduced peak intensity, which is related to hemicellulose and lignin content, suggesting their improved deposition following the process of chemical maceration. Wheat fiber quality was found to be comparable to cotton fibers regarding its density. However, they showed a significant difference in higher moisture regain (9.72–11.40%). The vast majority of the scientific papers related to wheat fibers did not indicate the length of the individual fibers obtained by chemical maceration nor their strength. Therefore, this paper indicated that both varieties demonstrated sufficient fiber tenacity (greater than 10 cN/tex) and fiber length (2–3 cm), stressing the spinning potential of these fibers into yarns and extending their use to the apparel industry. Moreover, our research underscores the feasibility of adhering to the zero-waste principle. A high percentage of solid waste remaining after fiber extraction (25.3–39.5%) was successfully used for biofuel production, thus closing the loop in the circular economy.

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Section: Moisture Regain and Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Waste Agricultural Biomass from Straw into Useful Bioproducts—Wheat Fibers and Biofuels

Kovačević,

Bischof,

Bilandžija

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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“…A significant difference among the mean values of moisture content was confirmed with a two-way ANOVA, where Fcritical < Fstatistical and the p-value for both variables (variety and harvesting year) was lower than 0.05. Moisture content below 10% is a positive property, as drying such fibers would consume less energy, and storage conditions would be easier to maintain [68,69]. Table 8 presents the standard moisture regain of isolated barley fibers.…”

Section: Moisture Content and Moisture Regainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barley Straw Fiber Extraction in the Context of a Circular Economy

Kovačević,

Strgačić,

Bischof

2023

Fibers

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The potential for sustainable lignocellulosic agro-waste is immense, owing to the fact that it represents the most abundant organic compound on Earth. It is a valuable and desirable source for material production across numerous industries due to its abundance, renewability, and biodegradability. This paper explores the world of barley fibers, which are extracted from the straw of two different cultivars (old Rex or new Barun) and have tremendous potential for use, primarily for technical textiles. The quantity of the extracted fibers depends both on the type of barley used and on climate conditions that influence the plants’ growth, resulting in fiber yields ranging from 14.82% to 19.59%. The chemical composition of isolated fibers revealed an optimal content of cellulose and lignin in barley fibers isolated from the Rex variety. Those results were confirmed with FTIR analysis, which revealed a lower intensity of peaks associated with hemicellulose and lignin and, therefore, indicated their better removal after the chemical maceration process. In terms of fiber density, the quality of the fibers was comparable to that of cotton fibers, but they differed significantly in moisture regain (10.37–11.01%), which was higher. Furthermore, sufficient fiber tenacity (20.31–23.08 cN/tex) was obtained in a case of old-variety Rex, indicating the possibility of spinning those fibers into yarns, followed by their extended usage for apparel. Additionally, our paper reveals the possibility of fulfilling the requirements of the zero waste principle due to the fact that a high percentage of solid waste left after the fiber extraction (26.3–32.3%) was afterwards successfully used for the production of biofuels, enabling the closing of the loop in a circular economy.

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