Voices’ use of gender, race and other social categories to undermine female voice-hearers: Implications for incorporating intersectionality within CBT for psychosis

Haarmans, Maria; Vass, Victoria; Bentall, Richard P.

doi:10.1080/17522439.2015.1131323

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Hence, it seems that appraisals of failing to live up to gender‐role norms, rather than the endorsement of idealized stereotypical gender roles per se, might be important in impacting schemas and contributing to psychosis. These findings may help to explain previous observations that AVHs content often reflects racialized and gendered conditions of worth (Haarmans et al, ). Arguably, AVHs are expressing GRS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Inclusion criteria were a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnosis as determined by the clinical team. For the purpose of a second study (Haarmans, Vass, & Bentall, ), participants were also required to have a history of hallucinations of at least 6 months with sufficient severity to score 3 ( mild ) on the hallucinatory behaviour item of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Exclusion criteria were insufficient proficiency in the English language or lacking capacity to consent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender role strain, core schemas, and psychotic experiences in ethnically diverse women: A role for sex‐ and gender‐based analysis in psychosis research?

Haarmans

McKenzie

Kidd

et al. 2018

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Negative ‐self and ‐others core schemas have been implicated in the development and maintenance of psychotic experiences. One component of the self‐system is gender‐role strain (GRS; perceived discrepancy between actual self and gender‐role norms). Although the role of gender in the formation of core schemas has been underscored in social and developmental psychology literatures, GRS has not been investigated in relation to psychosis. We examined whether it might be associated with negative schemas and psychotic experiences in women consistent with the trend toward sex‐ and gender‐based analysis (SGBA) in health research. Forty‐four women with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnosis and 48 female nonclinical participants completed a series of questionnaires measuring GRS, femininity ideology, core schemas, childhood trauma, and implicit femininity stereotypes (The Gender Stereotype Implicit Association Test). Half the total sample comprised women with minority‐ethnic status. Women in the psychosis group reported higher levels of GRS than comparison participants. Differences in endorsement of femininity ideology between the two groups narrowly missed significance with a trend toward greater femininity ideology in the psychosis group and significantly greater endorsement of the sexual purity domain for minority‐ethnic women. There was no difference in implicit femininity stereotypes. Analyses suggested that the relationship between GRS and symptoms was mediated by negative ‐self and ‐others schemas. Childhood sexual trauma, though higher for women with psychosis, was associated with gender‐role strain in the nonclinical sample only. Findings warrant further investigation with larger samples. SGBA has the potential to fill gaps in our current knowledge with regard to psychosis theory, research, and practice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender role strain, core schemas, and psychotic experiences in ethnically diverse women: A role for sex‐ and gender‐based analysis in psychosis research?

Haarmans

McKenzie

Kidd

et al. 2018

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…"it"), or using male pronouns, for example, "the female is nice… the male is mean" (Alexis), "he is mean to me and hurts me a lot, he hates me and I hate him" (Madilyn, 16). Similar gender differences have been found in research with adult voice hearers, reflecting sociocultural inequalities (Haarmans, Vass & Bentall, 2016). For participants who heard only negative voices, they often found connections between the sound and tone of the voices and people they knew in their lives, as found in research with adults who hear voices (Hayward, Bogen-Johnston & Deamer, 2018); often connected to difficult experiences.…”

Section: Formsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…For participants who heard only negative voices, they often found connections between the sound and tone of the voices and people they knew in their lives, as found in research with adults who hear voices (Hayward, Bogen-Johnston & Deamer, 2018); often connected to difficult experiences. Such findings further connect adverse childhood experiences (Varese, et al, 2012) to voice hearing and structural power imbalances (Haarmans, Vass & Bentall, 2016).…”

Section: Formmentioning

confidence: 58%

Whispers, echoes, friends and fears: forms and functions of voice‐hearing in adolescence

2020

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“…Socially mediated manifestations of symptoms have also been observed. Haarmans, Vass, and Bentall (2016) found messages heard by female voice‐hearers frequently reflected socially constructed gender‐based devaluation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How psychosis interrupts the lives of women and men differently: a qualitative comparison

et al. 2020

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Purpose Psychosis disrupts how persons experience themselves and their lives. Despite knowledge that gender differences have been noted in presentation and course of psychosis symptoms, little is known about differences in how men and women experience these disruptions. Method The narratives of 26 men and 27 women diagnosed with psychosis, matched on age, education, and race, of the impact of psychosis on one’s life, were compared. Using secondary data from semi‐structured interviews, themes were identified using inductive, phenomenological qualitative analyses. Results Women and men discussed psychosis‐related interruptions to the roles and relationships that shape their identity. Both genders discussed the impact of psychosis on their sense of self, work, and relationships. Nuanced gender differences emerged, informing unique areas of challenge related to (1) parenting and loss of parenting roles, (2) work and loss or changes in work trajectories, (3) isolation and strain on interpersonal relationships, and (4) manifestations of stigma. Conclusions Psychosis may disrupt distinct aspects of life for men and women. Each gender faces the intersection of socially informed expectations that impact one’s experiences of stigma, expectations of others, and manifestations of losses felt in one’s role and sense of identity. Findings inform important considerations for therapy and other services. Practitioner points Gender‐based socialized expectations, losses, and challenges that accompany psychosis are important areas for therapeutic consideration. Current treatments may neglect challenges that are more commonly experienced by women with psychosis.

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Voices’ use of gender, race and other social categories to undermine female voice-hearers: Implications for incorporating intersectionality within CBT for psychosis

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

Gender role strain, core schemas, and psychotic experiences in ethnically diverse women: A role for sex‐ and gender‐based analysis in psychosis research?

Gender role strain, core schemas, and psychotic experiences in ethnically diverse women: A role for sex‐ and gender‐based analysis in psychosis research?

Whispers, echoes, friends and fears: forms and functions of voice‐hearing in adolescence

How psychosis interrupts the lives of women and men differently: a qualitative comparison

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