Vocalization, Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

Murray, David J.; Leung, Christina; McVIE, D. F.

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1974.tb01414.x

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The current results revealed the expected better recall of silently read items than of produced items on the first serial positions and the reverse pattern on the last serial positions. This interaction between the production effect and serial position nicely reproduced results previously observed with a within-participant design in which the same participants took part in the silent and the aloud conditions ( Cyr et al, 2021 ; Engle et al, 1989 ; Engle & Roberts, 1982 ; Greene, 1985 ; Greene & Crowder, 1986 ; Gregg & Gardiner, 1984 ; Grenfell-Essam et al, 2017 ; Murray et al, 1974 ; Watkins et al, 1974 ). In this context, the comparison with the third experiment of Cyr et al (2021; see Figure 2 ) is of particular interest.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Production Effect Interacts With Serial Positions

Gionet

Guitard

Saint‐Aubin

2022

Experimental Psychology

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Abstract. Reading some words aloud during presentation, that is, producing them, and reading other words silently generate a large memory advantage for words that are produced. This robust within-list production effect is in contrast with the between-lists condition in which all words are read aloud or silently. In a between-lists condition, produced items are better recognized, but not better recalled. The lack of a between-lists production effect with recall tasks has often been presented as one of its defining characteristics and as a benchmark for evaluating models. Recently, Cyr et al. (2021) showed that this occurs because item production interacts with serial positions: Produced items are less well recalled on the first serial positions than silently read items, while the reverse pattern is observed for the recency portion of the curve. However, this pattern was observed with a repeated-measures design, and it may be a by-product of compensatory processes under the control of participants. Here, using a between-participants design, we observed the predicted interaction between production and serial positions. The results further support the Revised Feature Model (RFM) suggesting that produced items are encoded with more modality-dependent distinctive features, therefore benefiting recall. However, the production of the additional distinctive features would disrupt rehearsal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Production Effect Interacts With Serial Positions

Gionet

Guitard

Saint‐Aubin

2022

Experimental Psychology

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“…In view of the fact that vocalization at presentation has been shown to positively enhance primary memory but not secondary memory (Murray, Leung, & McVie, 1974), it could also be argued that, since there was little effect of vocalization on retention in Experiment 1, whereas there were strong effects of imagery and depth processing in Experiments 2 and 3, retention beyond 6 sec in this paradigm is predominantly from secondary memory. A minor flaw with this argument is that the distractor task itself was vocalized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The secondary memory component in the Brown-Peterson paradigm

Murray

1979

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Previous work has suggested that after about 6 sec of distraction activity, retrieval in the Brown-Peterson paradigm is probably from secondary memory. Support for this view comes from the present demonstrations that (1) the serial position curve in this paradigm shows a strong primacy effect and (2) variables known to influence secondary memory, such as imagery value and level of processing, also selectively influence recall in the Brown-Peterson paradigm.

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“…Most of these studies demonstrating modality differences in recall of sentences and prose passages have been directed towards reading processes and especially towards the question of a need for vocalization processes in reading. For example, in a recent paper Murray, Leung & McVie (1974) found that vocalization of prose passages did not facilitate recall. On the contrary there was a slight decrement in performance for this condition as compared to a condition in which the subjects did not vocalize the visually presented text.…”

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confidence: 96%

Boundary conditions for the modality effect: Type of material and time of test

Johansson

Nilsson

1979

Scandinavian J Psychology

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Recall of auditory and visually presented information was studied using three different types of material. Although auditory presentation was superior for all three types of material, the size and pattern of the effect depended upon whether the visual presentation was successive or simultaneous. Successive visual presentation reduced recall performance compared to auditory presentation considerably for real sentences, while smaller effects were obtained for noun sequences and scrambled sentences. The overall supremacy in recall of auditory presented items was reduced further when compared to a simultaneous visual presentation. In the last two experiments, all effects of modality of presentation obtained in immediate recall were replicated, but were eliminated in delayed recall. The finding that this modality effect is eliminated in delayed recall is taken to indicate that semantic aspects of the material to be remembered are by and large unaffected by mode of presentation, while more superficial aspects are the ones influenced.

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Vocalization, Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

The Production Effect Interacts With Serial Positions

The Production Effect Interacts With Serial Positions

The secondary memory component in the Brown-Peterson paradigm

Boundary conditions for the modality effect: Type of material and time of test

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