VNN3 is a potential novel biomarker for predicting prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Abstract

Although pathological observations provide approximate prognoses, it is difficult to achieve prognosis in patients with existing prognostic factors. Therefore, it is very important to find appropriate biomarkers to achieve accurate cancer prognosis. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has several subtypes, the discrimination of which is crucial for proper treatment. Here, we present a novel biomarker, VNN3, which is used to prognose clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common and aggressive subtype of kidney cancer. Patient information analyzed in our study was extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) cohorts. VNN3 expression was considerably higher in stages III and IV than in stages I and II. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier curves associated high VNN3 expression with poor prognoses (TCGA, p < .0001; ICGC, p = .00076), confirming that ccRCC prognosis can be predicted via VNN3 expression patterns. Consistent with all patient results, the prognosis of patients with higher VNN3 expression was worse in both low stage (I and II) and high stage (III and IV) (TCGA, p < 0.0001 in stage I and II; ICGC, p = 0.028 in stage I and II; TCGA, p = 0.005 in stage III and IV). Area under the curve and receiver operating characteristic curves supported our results that highlighted VNN3 expression as a suitable ccRCC biomarker. Multivariate analysis also verified the prognostic performance of VNN3 expression (TCGA, p < .001; ICGC, p = .017). Altogether, we suggest that VNN3 is applicable as a new biomarker to establish prognosis in patients with ccRCC.

Identification of potential core genes in hepatoblastoma via bioinformatics analysis

“…Enriched genes such as HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) [Purcell et al 2011], ABCB11 [Vilarinho et al 2014] and TLR4 [Hsiao et al 2015] were linked with advancement of hepatoblastoma. Enriched genes such as VNN3 [Ha et al 2019], HPGD (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase) [He et al 2016], VNN2 [Chen et al 2018], VNN1 [Zhang et al 2017], GPD1 [Zhou et al 2017], CFH (complement factor H) [Campa et al 2015], SERPINA3 [Cao et al 2018], AFM (afamin) [Shen et al 2016], HPR (haptoglobin-related protein) [Epelbaum et al 1998], C4BPA [Sogawa et al 2016], CYP4Z1 [Zheng et al 2019], SRD5A1 [Sinreih et al 2015] and STEAP4 [Xue et al 2017] were linked with progression of various cancer types, but these genes may be involved in development of hepatoblastoma. Low expression of enriched genes such as ETFDH (electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase) [Wu et al 2019], GNMT (glycine N-methyltransferase) [Chen et al 1998], DCN (decorin) [Ju et al 2015], ITIH4 [Li et al 2018], GHR (growth hormone receptor) [Qi et al 2016], LYVE1 [Kitagawa et al 2013] and HP (haptoglobin) [Mondal et al 2016] were identified with development of hepatocellular carcinoma, but decrease expression of these genes may be associated with development of hepatoblastoma.…”

Genome‐wide screening and cohorts validation identifying novel lncRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

“…With the advanced development of high‐throughput sequencing in recent years, numerous studies have screened numerous useful biomarkers for predicting prognosis or therapeutic targets, including methylation markers, signaling pathway alterations, as well as mutation drivers. However, genome‐wide screening of lncRNAs based on large samples from muticenters were less reported, especially in kidney malignancies . ccRCC is the most common pathologic subtypes of kidney cancer associated with high morbidity and mortality, possessing an aggressive and metastasis traits due to various molecular and cellular heterogeneity .…”

“…However, genome-wide screening of lncRNAs based on large samples from muticenters were less reported, especially in kidney malignancies. [14][15][16] ccRCC is the most common pathologic subtypes of kidney cancer associated with high morbidity…”

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effects of Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Deficiency on Immune Responses in the Mouse Brain during Toxoplasma gondii Infection

“…Microglia cells are also possibly involved in such interactions with T. gondii via this type of signaling. VNN3, also called vascular non-inflammatory molecule 3, is reportedly a potential prognostic biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma [70], but no relationship with T. gondii infection has been reported thus far. Interestingly, Ppfibp2, another top-ranking gene, currently has an unknown function and unknown relationship with T. gondii infection.…”