Viviparous sea snakes can be used as bioindicators for diverse marine environments

Abstract

Shallow tropical marine ecosystems are under great anthropogenic pressure due to habitat destruction, overfishing, shrimping, climate change, and tourism. This is an issue of global concern as such environments hold a tremendous biodiversity much of which remains to be described. The present situation urgently calls for time- and resource-efficient methods to identify and delineate the most valuable remaining areas and to set up priorities for their management and conservation. Using indicator species can be a way to accomplish this goal. In this paper we evaluate whether viviparous sea snakes can serve as bioindicators for other rare or cryptic tropical marine fauna. Based on seven generally acknowledged criteria for bioindicators, we argue that using viviparous sea snakes as bioindicators can help monitoring marine habitats to gauge the effects of climate change, habitat change and loss, decline in biodiversity and other anthropogenic changes. However, to maximize their efficacy as bioindicators, deeper knowledge about viviparous sea snakes natural history is urgently needed. Topics for expanded research programs include the taxonomy of some groups, their breeding and feeding biology, habitat selection and their geographical distribution. Despite these gaps in our understanding, we argue that viviparous sea snakes can be utilized as bioindicators of marine ecosystem health. KEYWORDS: anthropogenic changes, conservation, herpetology, marine habitat, monitoring

The capacity of sentinel species to detect changes in environmental conditions and ecosystem structure

“…Part of these discrepancies likely stems from reliance on local, context‐dependent research as opposed to global quantitative tests of the appropriateness of sentinel species (Sergio et al., 2008). In fact, there have been reviews on a multitude of ecosystem sentinel taxa, including: ants (Andersen & Majer, 2004), bats (Jones, Jacobs, et al., 2009), deer (Hanley, 1993), marine mammals (Moore, 2008), otters (Jessup et al., 2004), penguins (Boersma, 2008), sea snakes (Rasmussen et al., 2021), swamp rabbits (Hillard et al., 2017), and squirrels (Smith, 2012; Wheeler & Hik, 2013). Yet we still lack a general understanding of which sentinels and ecological factors can most strengthen our ability to detect environmental and ecosystem change, based on empirical evidence of responsive relationships with sentinel species (Hazen et al., 2019).…”