Vitrification as a method of soil remediation

Abstract

Various types of contaminated soil and hazardous waste that have a negative impact on the environment and human health can be treated with the vitrification process. This process is based on thermal treatment of contaminated soil or waste at high temperatures, with the addition of additives, whereby the soil/waste melts and a stable glass is formed. The resulting glass and glass-ceramic products have good mechanical resistance, chemically are resistant and immobilize contaminants, thus preventing their further negative impact on the environment. This paper presents a literature review of the vitrification process of different types of contaminated soil and hazardous waste.

Phase Separation in Electrodeposited Ag-Pd Alloy Films from Acidic Nitrate Bath

“…45 Biphasic phase separated electrodeposited films have been observed in several systems such as Ag-Sb. [46][47][48][49][50][51] Ag-Bi, 46,52 Ag-Cd, 46,53 Ag-Sn, 46,54 Ag-In, 46,55 Cu-Sb, 56 and Co-In. 46 The morphology of phase separation could be liquid-like, 53,56 or may match the Turing patterns of finite wavelength, such as spirals, 46,53 targets, 50 stripes, 51 labyrinthine, 57 and waves.…”

“…[46][47][48][49][50][51] Ag-Bi, 46,52 Ag-Cd, 46,53 Ag-Sn, 46,54 Ag-In, 46,55 Cu-Sb, 56 and Co-In. 46 The morphology of phase separation could be liquid-like, 53,56 or may match the Turing patterns of finite wavelength, such as spirals, 46,53 targets, 50 stripes, 51 labyrinthine, 57 and waves. 54,57 Nanoscale phase separation could also be achieved in binary alloy electrodeposition, such as in UPCD Au-Ni.…”

Current Trends and Future Perspectives in the Remediation of Polluted Water, Soil and Air—A Review

“…Vitrification implies high-temperature heat treatment of a contaminated medium, usually soil. By subjecting the contaminated medium to a very high temperature (1700-2000 • C), the medium melts, and upon cooling it solidifies and transforms into a vitrified inert mass in which the contaminants are immobilized [7,36,38,[69][70][71][72]. Heavy metals and radionuclides are encapsulated in this glass matrix, while other organic contaminants are destroyed.…”

“…Thus, the end product of vitrification is a vitrified glass-like product and usually has glasslike properties, characterized by low porosity and low leaching rate. The purpose of this technique is to immobilize contaminants, making them less toxic [33,[70][71][72]. Vitrification can be performed in situ and ex situ.…”

“…The main limitations of vitrification are its applicability only for moist soils, and that it is very energy demanding. In addition, it is not applicable for soils with a high content of organic matter because it is extremely destructive and such soils lose their agricultural potential [7,38,72].…”