Vitreous Humor: A Short Review on Post-mortem Applications

J, Baniak N Kalra

doi:10.4172/2161-0681.1000199

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(232 reference statements)

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“…Studies have shown that the concentration of sodium and chloride fall slowly after death, these changes are reported to be in proportion to the postmortem interval [2,12]. This was seen in the results of this study where there was a gradual fall in sodium and chloride ion levels with increasing postmortem interval under the two temperature conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Analysis of chemical changes within intraocular fluid, postmortem, was introduced by Naumann [1] and has since generated great interest in the many applications of vitreous humor analysis. Vitreous humor is preferred for postmortem investigations because of its large volume and easy accessibility [2]. It can be obtained even in cases in which blood and urine specimens are not accessible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The isolate nature of vitreous humor, compared to blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and its resistance to microbiological contamination with bacterial degradation makes it a very suitable medium for postmortem biochemical investigation. Moreover, its composition is more stable and less affected by postmortem changes than cerebrospinal fluid or blood [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is present at birth and does not change much over the course of aging. It does not contain blood vessels, 99% of its volume is water with electrolytes, glucose, inorganic salt, ascorbic acid and a network of collagen fibers (type II) with the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid [1][2][3]. Vitreous humor is the most investigated body fluid for estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) from chemical changes taking place in its constituent electrolytes after death [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Electrolyte Changes in Bovine Vitreous at Different Postmortem Interval

George¹,

Ajayi²

2016

J Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Objective: Investigation of the changes in electrolyte level in the Bovine vitreous at different postmortem interval under two different temperature conditions. Methods: Ninety eight bovine right eyes from freshly slaughtered healthy cows were gotten from the government abattoir in Edo State, Nigeria. They were divided into two sets; forty nine right eyes were kept at 32°C while forty nine right eyes were kept at 4°C in a mobile refrigerator. The samples of vitreous were carefully aspirated from the bovine eyes within an hour of death of the animals. Measurements of the levels of cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate) were taken at various postmortem intervals of 2, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours, using E110111 Flame Photometer. Results: There was a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in the potassium ion level with increased postmortem interval (PMI) at 4°C and 32°C. There were significant reductions (p<0.05) in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ion levels with increased postmortem interval at 32°C, but at 4°C, the reduction in chloride ion level was not significant. The results also showed that the changes in cations and anions levels varied under the two temperature conditions after death. Conclusion: The level of potassium ion increased after death, but sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ion levels in the vitreous humour of bovine eyes decreased after death. Likewise temperature affected the level of anions and cations in the bovine vitreous after death.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigation of Electrolyte Changes in Bovine Vitreous at Different Postmortem Interval

George¹,

Ajayi²

2016

J Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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“…The post-mortem increase in vitreous potassium levels has been widely used in forensics to estimate the time of death of humans and animals (AHI and GARG, 2001;COE, 1989;COE, 1972). Under physiological conditions, potassium is prevalent in high and similar levels in all cells of the body (BANIAK et al, 2015). Numerous hypotheses have been established for the rise of potassium concentrations with the time of death.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of red deer (Cervus elaphus) post mortal interval based on the biochemical parameters of vitreous fluid using linear regression analyses

Severin¹,

Džaja²,

Šperanda³

et al. 2018

Vet. arhiv

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ŠATROVIĆ, K. STARČEVIĆ: Estimation of red deer (Cervus elaphus) post mortal interval based on the biochemical parameters of vitreous fluid using linear regression analyses. Vet. arhiv 88, 511-519, 2018. ABSTRACT Vitreous fluid is a stable biological fluid, which is well-protected from contamination and post mortem degradation, which makes it suitable in forensic pathology for determination of the post mortem interval (PMI). The present study was conducted to discover the correlation between increasing PMI and levels of various vitreous biochemical parameters (sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, phosphor, AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, glucose, total cholesterol). The estimation of PMI in red deer is of great interest in cases of illegal hunting. The vitreous humour samples were collected from six red deer carcasses. The eyes were enucleated, covered by parafilm and aluminium foil, packed in a small container and maintained at +4 ºC. Sampling of vitreous fluid was done again at 8, 10 and then regularly each 10 hours until finally 90 hours after death. A significant linear correlation was found for potassium, sodium and chloride (P<0.0001). The present study revealed that biochemical analysis of vitreous fluid could be used to determine post mortem interval in red deer.

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Vitreous humor in the forensic toxicology of quetiapine and its metabolites

Moschovakou,

Ntoupa,

Dona

et al. 2024

Forensic Toxicol

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Purpose Τhe aim of the present study was to investigate the use of vitreous humor as an alternative biological material in forensic toxicology for the determination of quetiapine, 7-hydroxy-quetiapine, and nor-quetiapine. The distribution of these substances in vitreous humor was studied by determining and correlating their concentrations in vitreous humor with the respective concentrations in blood. Methods During this study, a method for the determination of these substances was developed, validated and applied to postmortem samples obtained from 16 relative forensic cases. The sample preparation procedure included the isolation of the analytes from vitreous humor and blood samples using solid-phase extraction, with Bond Elut LRC C18 columns followed by derivatization with BSTFA with 1% TMCS prior to GC/MS analysis. Results The developed method is characterized by a dynamic range of 10.0–1000.0 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.991) for the three substances, with a limit of detection and quantification of 3.0 and 10.0 ng/mL, respectively. Accuracy and precision were below 8.09% and 8.99%, respectively, for both biological materials, while absolute recovery for the three substances was greater than 81%. According to the results, quetiapine, 7-hydroxy-quetiapine, and nor-quetiapine are easily distributed in vitreous humor. Conclusion The results of the study indicate the usefulness of vitreous humor in toxicological analysis for the determination of these substances, especially when the traditional biological materials are not available. The levels of quetiapine and its metabolites in vitreous humor as well as the vitreous humor to blood concentration ratios can provide important information for a more thorough toxicological investigation of forensic cases.

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Vitreous Humor: A Short Review on Post-mortem Applications

Cited by 8 publications

References 101 publications

Investigation of Electrolyte Changes in Bovine Vitreous at Different Postmortem Interval

Investigation of Electrolyte Changes in Bovine Vitreous at Different Postmortem Interval

Estimation of red deer (Cervus elaphus) post mortal interval based on the biochemical parameters of vitreous fluid using linear regression analyses

Vitreous humor in the forensic toxicology of quetiapine and its metabolites

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