Vitrectomy in full thickness macular holes on top of a pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Surgical consideration and review of the literature

Abstract

Purpose To present the surgical treatment of a full thickness macular hole (MH) caused by a vitreomacular traction (VMT) on top of an adjacent subfoveal pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Observation A 77-year-old female with a subfoveal PED receiving consecutive intravitreal injections noticed a sudden decreased visual acuity (VA) due to the development an occult MH in her right eye after 19 repeated intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-injections. Her initial VA declined from 20/50 to 20/400. The firm VMT induced a rupture of the multi-layered retina and may progress to an RPE-tear or possible to a subretinal haemorrhage. We discussed with the patient the risks of the natural progression and explained possible treatment options: We continued her anti-VEGF combined with air bubble injections to induce a posterior vitreous detachment, to stabilise the retinal architecture, reduce the subretinal fluid and avoid possible intraoperative bleeding. As injections did release the VMT, vitrectomy released the posterior vitreous from the optic nerve and trimmed it towards the central retina. Peeling with brilliant blue removed the internal limiting membrane without any signs of bleeding, rupture of the PED or enlargement of the MH, prior to the installation of 10% SF6 gas. The postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) on day 5 confirmed a closed MH, while the size, shape and pattern of the PED remained unchanged. Her VA increased from 20/400 to 20/50 (equal to her previous VA prior to the MH-formation). To avoid a potential progression of the PED, we maintained her retreatment intervals at 5 weeks for the next 6 months. A literature review presents similar intraoperative approaches and postoperative outcomes in 8 out of the 9 published cases. Conclusions and importance VMT can induce an occult MH on top of a PED, causing a significant loss of vision. When gas injections are not successful, surgery may release the traction, restore the retinal architecture, and significantly improve and maintain the VA over a documented long-term observation. The epiretinal procedure should be assisted under regular anti-VEGF injections to maintain the subretinal architecture.