Vitamin D₃ Requirement in Practical Diet of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at Low Salinity Rearing Conditions

Abstract

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the requirements of vitamin D 3 in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity rearing conditions. The basal practical diet contained 685 IU vitamin D 3 per kg diet, Diets 2-6 contained 1960, 3240, 4220, 5630, and 7550 IU vitamin D 3 per kg diet, respectively. Diets were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of L. vannamei (initial average weight 0.39 ± 0.01 g). Growth performance and alkaline phosphatase activity in hepatosomatic were not affected by the supplementation of vitamin D 3 . Hepatosomatic index of shrimp fed diets containing vitamin D 3 at 685, 1960, and 3240 IU/kg was lower than the diet containing vitamin D 3 at 7550 IU. Whole-body moisture and zinc content were significantly decreased with increasing vitamin D 3 . Similarly, higher value was also observed on whole-body protein, ash content, calcium, and phosphorus and magnesium concentration with increasing vitamin D 3 . Results of the current study indicated that vitamin D 3 from ingredients could meet the growth requirement but not for whole-body mineral deposition. Broken-line regression analysis based on maximum whole-body ash indicated that vitamin D 3 requirement was recommended to be 6366 IU/kg for juvenile L. vannamei at low salinity rearing conditions.

Concurrent supplementation effects of dietary formic acid and vitamin D 3 on the growth, digestive enzyme activities and bone mineralization of pond‐cultured Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings

“…It affects skeletal elements by regulating the intramembranous ossification and exerts a direct effect on the development and indirectly improves the bone mineralization by preserving the absorbed Ca 2+ (Darias et al, 2010). In consonance to our findings, the supplementation of vitamin D 3 significantly (p < .05) increased the whole body Na, K, P, Ca, Mg and Zn retention in yellow catfish (Zhu et al, 2015) and P, Ca, Mg and Zn contents in shrimps (Wen et al, 2015). A significant (p < 0.05) improvement in bone K, Cu and Mn levels was observed with FA supplementation in the present study that might be due to the promising effects of acidic environment that facilitates higher dissociation of mineral compounds and formation of chelated mineral complexes (Isabel & Santos, 2009).…”

Impact of Dietary Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Growth, Molting, Antioxidant Capability, and Immunity of Juvenile Chinese Mitten Crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) by Metabolites and Vitamin D Receptor

“…The range of optimal vit-D 3 requirement for juvenile E. sinensis between 5685.43 and 10,000 IU/kg is based on growth performance, which agrees with other studies in shrimp P. monodon and L. vannamei. 4,5 However, compared to fish, the optimum dietary vit-D 3 for crustaceans was much higher, 29 which may be due to the natural molting activity in crustacean species. 30 Molting activity persists over all the life of crab and shrimp, which is the basis of WG.…”

“…Unlike mammals that obtain vit-D 3 by ultraviolet solar radiation, diet is the only source of vit-D 3 for aquatic animals, as they cannot synthesize vit-D 3 de novo . In crustaceans, the optimal level of vit-D 3 is 4000 IU/kg for tiger prawn, 6366 IU/kg for white shrimp, and 4825–5918 IU/kg for larval Eriocheir sinensis . The micronutrient deficiency of juvenile crustaceans would affect growth, development, and immunity.…”

“…Ca 2+ is a regulatory signal for actuating the sharp rise in ecdysteroidogenensis, and vit-D 3 can accelerate calcium absorption in the gut and sustain calcium–phosphate homeostasis . Dietary vit-D 3 supplement can alter shell mineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei, but the mechanism of vit-D 3 regulating the molting activity is unclear. In mammals, the classical function of vit-D 3 is to maintain the balance of Ca 2+ and P 5+ , and activated vit-D 3 can also regulate the cellular immunological function by paracrine and autocrine actions .…”

Effects of dietary vitamin D3 supplementation on the growth performance, tissue Ca and P concentrations, antioxidant capacity, immune response and lipid metabolism in Litopenaeus vannamei larvae

“…Generally, dietary vitamin D 3 supplementation in the diets can be used to maintain adequate health in aquatic animals. The classical action of vitamin D 3 is to maintain Ca and P homoeostasis by enhancing the absorption ability from the intestine (2,3) . In recent years, additional diverse physiological function of vitamin D 3 , including its effects on immune response, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism, has gradually been explored (4)(5)(6)(7) .…”