Vitamin D, zinc and glutamine: Synergistic action with OncoTherad immunomodulator in interferon signaling and COVID‑19 (Review)

Name, José João; Vasconcelos, Andréa Rodrigues; Souza, Ana Carolina Remondi; Fávaro, Wagner José

doi:10.3892/ijmm.2021.4844

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(192 reference statements)

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“…Gln depletion alters the balance of the immune response that become more suppressive, by favouring a regulatory T phenotype rather than a Th1 phenotype, even in a cytokine environment inducing the Th1 phenotype, associated with an inhibition of IFN‑γ secretion [ 49 ]. Gln complementation showed antiviral activity against the herpes virus [ 58 , 59 ] and a complement associating zinc, vitamin D and Gln displayed a potential adjuvant and synergistic therapeutic potential in modulating antiviral immune defences functions through γ-IFN signalling in the treatment of COVID‑19 [ 60 ]. However, as virus-infected host cells have an increase in Gln utilisation, development of antiviral strategy targeting Gln must deplete Gln in the environment of virus-infected host cells while favouring Gln utilisation by host immune cell system [ 61 ].…”

Section: Glutamine and Host Defencementioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acid metabolism and signalling pathways: potential targets in the control of infection and immunity

Tomé

2021

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Defences to pathogens such as SarCoV2 in mammals involves interactions between immune functions and metabolic pathways to eradicate infection while preventing hyperinflammation. Amino acid metabolic pathways represent with other antimicrobial agent potential targets for therapeutic strategies. iNOS-mediated production of NO from Arg is involved in the innate inflammatory response to pathogens and NO overproduction can induce hyperinflammation. The two Arg-catabolising enzymes Arg1 and IDO1 reduce the hyperinflammation by an immunosuppressive effect via either Arg starvation (for Arg1) or via the immunoregulatory activity of the Arg-derived metabolites Kyn (for IDO1). In response to amino acid abundance mTOR activates the host protein translation and Coronaviruses use this machinery for their own protein synthesis and replication. In contrast GCN2, the sensor of amino acid starvation, activates pathways that restrict inflammation and viral replication. Gln depletion alters the immune response that become more suppressive, by favouring a regulatory T phenotype rather than a Th1 phenotype. Proliferating activated immune cells are highly dependent on Ser, activation and differentiation of T cells need enough Ser and dietary Ser restriction can inhibit their proliferation. Cys is strictly required for T-cell proliferation because they cannot convert Met to Cys. Restricting Met inhibits both viral RNA cap methylation and replication, and the proliferation of infected cells with an increased requirement for Met. Phe catabolism produces antimicrobial metabolites resulting in the inhibition of microbial growth and an immunosuppressive activity towards T lymphocytes.

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Section: Glutamine and Host Defencementioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acid metabolism and signalling pathways: potential targets in the control of infection and immunity

Tomé

2021

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…There are no acute cases of heart attack at balanced levels of Vitamin D due to COVID-19 [ 31 ]. In addition, Vitamin D has a broad spectrum of immunomodulatory, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions [ 9 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is also the possibility of using Vitamin D and Zinc in capsules, which in the body have beneficial immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in infections caused by viruses. Still, in the context of COVID-19, there is no scientific evidence to prove the effectiveness of these elements [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation Therapy as a Possible New Approach in COVID-19: A Systematic Review

Matos

Buchaim

Pomini

et al. 2021

Life

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COVID-19 is a viral disease characterized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Since then, researchers from all over the world have been looking for ways to fight this disease. Many cases of complications arise from insufficient immune responses due to low immunity, with intense release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage the structure of organs such as the lung. Thus, the hypothesis arises that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with the use of a low-level laser (LLLT) may be an ally approach to patients with COVID-19 since it is effective for increasing immunity, helping tissue repair, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This systematic review was performed with the use of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases with the following keywords: “low-level laser therapy OR photobiomodulation therapy AND COVID-19”. The inclusion criteria were complete articles published from January 2020 to January 2021 in English. The exclusion criteria were other languages, editorials, reviews, brief communications, letters to the editor, comments, conference abstracts, and articles that did not provide the full text. The bibliographic search found 18 articles in the Pubmed/MEDLINE database, 118 articles on the Web of Science, 23 articles on Scopus, and 853 articles on Google Scholar. Ten articles were included for qualitative synthesis, of which four commentary articles discussed the pathogenesis and the effect of PBMT in COVID-19. Two in vitro and lab experiments showed the effect of PBMT on prevention of thrombosis and positive results in wound healing during viral infection, using the intravascular irradiation (ILIB) associated with Phthalomethyl D. Two case reports showed PBMT improved the respiratory indexes, radiological findings, and inflammatory markers in severe COVID-19 patients. One case series reported the clinical improvement after PBMT on 14 acute COVID-19 patients, rehabilitation on 24 patients, and as a preventive treatment on 70 people. One clinical trial of 30 patients with severe COVID-19 who require invasive mechanical ventilation, showed PBMT-static magnetic field was not statistically different from placebo for the length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit, but improved diaphragm muscle function and ventilation and decreased the inflammatory markers. This review suggests that PBMT may have a positive role in treatment of COVID-19. Still, the necessity for more clinical trials remains in this field and there is not sufficient research evidence regarding the effects of PBMT and COVID-19 disease, and there is a large gap.

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“…However, it has been reported that enteral addition of l-glutamine in the early period of SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to a shortened hospital stay and less need for ICU admission. [25][26][27] Collectively, we revealed that metabolic profiles were similar between asymptomatic patients and symptomatic patients in remission, and identified l-citrulline, l-glutamine, and l-alanine as the commonly upregulated metabolites among these groups.…”

Section: L-glutamine L-citrulline and L-alanine Are Possible Protecti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID‐19 Metabolomic‐Guided Amino Acid Therapy Protects from Inflammation and Disease Sequelae

Ming

et al. 2023

Advanced Biology

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The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused a worldwide pandemic since 2019. A metabolic disorder is a contributing factor to deaths from COVID‐19. However, the underlying mechanism of metabolic dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients and the potential interventions are not elucidated. Here targeted plasma metabolomic is performed, and the metabolite profiles among healthy controls, and asymptomatic, moderate, and severe COVID‐19 patients are compared. Among the altered metabolites, arachidonic acid and linolenic acid pathway metabolites are profoundly up‐regulated in COVID‐19 patients. Arginine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways are significantly disturbed in asymptomatic patients. In the comparison of metabolite variances among the groups, higher levels of l‐citrulline and l‐glutamine are found in asymptomatic carriers and moderate or severe patients at the remission stage. Furthermore, l‐citrulline and l‐glutamine combination therapy is demonstrated to effectively protect mice from coronavirus infection and endotoxin‐induced sepsis, and is observed to efficiently prevent the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis and central nervous system damage. Collectively, the data reveal the metabolite profile of asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients and propose a potential strategy for COVID‐19 treatment.

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Vitamin D, zinc and glutamine: Synergistic action with OncoTherad immunomodulator in interferon signaling and COVID‑19 (Review)

Cited by 12 publications

References 119 publications

Amino acid metabolism and signalling pathways: potential targets in the control of infection and immunity

Amino acid metabolism and signalling pathways: potential targets in the control of infection and immunity

Photobiomodulation Therapy as a Possible New Approach in COVID-19: A Systematic Review

COVID‐19 Metabolomic‐Guided Amino Acid Therapy Protects from Inflammation and Disease Sequelae

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