Vitamin D supplementation improves anxiety but not depression symptoms in patients with vitamin D deficiency

Zhu, Cuizhen; Zhang, Yu; Wang, Ting; Lin, Yezhe; Yu, Jiakuai; Xia, Qingrong; Zhu, Peng; Zhu, Daomin

doi:10.1002/brb3.1760

Cited by 53 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Vitamin D levels may also be reduced in the setting of acute inflammation [ 23 ]. Furthermore, vitamin D has previously shown to improve symptoms of chronic fatigue and anxiety in patients with these conditions [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Relationship between Vitamin D and Persistent Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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The emergence of persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as long COVID, is providing a new challenge to healthcare systems. The cardinal features are fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance. Vitamin D is known to have pleotropic effects far beyond bone health and is associated with immune modulation and autoimmunity. We hypothesize that vitamin D levels are associated with persistent symptoms following COVID-19. Herein, we investigate the relationship between vitamin D and fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance, assessed by the Chalder Fatigue Score, six-minute walk test and modified Borg scale. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationships. A total of 149 patients were recruited at a median of 79 days after COVID-19 illness. The median vitamin D level was 62 nmol/L, with n = 36 (24%) having levels 30–49 nmol/L and n = 14 (9%) with levels <30 nmol/L. Fatigue was common, with n = 86 (58%) meeting the case definition. The median Borg score was 3, while the median distance covered for the walk test was 450 m. No relationship between vitamin D and the measures of ongoing ill-health assessed in the study was found following multivariable regression analysis. These results suggest that persistent fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance following COVID-19 are independent of vitamin D.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Relationship between Vitamin D and Persistent Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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“…To mention some of them, in randomized clinical trials (RCT), Vellekkatt et al (2020) , Alghamdi et al (2020) , and Alavi et al (2019) observed a reduction of depressive symptoms after vitamin D supplementation in patients with different stages of depression. Nevertheless, Okereke et al (2020) and Zhu et al (2020) did not observe improvements in depressive symptoms after vitamin D supplementation. Data from a previous meta-analysis with RCT showed that supplementation with vitamin D (≥800 I.U.…”

Section: Vitamin D and Depressive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…The studies aiming to investigate the antidepressant effect of vitamin D supplementation when depression was already diagnosed observed conflicting results ( Alavi et al, 2019 ; Alghamdi et al, 2020 ; Okereke et al, 2020 ; Vellekkatt et al, 2020 ; Zhu et al, 2020 ). To mention some of them, in randomized clinical trials (RCT), Vellekkatt et al (2020) , Alghamdi et al (2020) , and Alavi et al (2019) observed a reduction of depressive symptoms after vitamin D supplementation in patients with different stages of depression.…”

Section: Vitamin D and Depressive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D, Depressive Symptoms, and Covid-19 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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Graphical AbstractRole of vitamin D in the development of depressive symptoms. The synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight is impaired by lockdown and social distance measures imposed by the governments around the world during COVID-10 pandemic. Endogenous vitamin D synthesis initiates in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is converted in pre-vitamin D3 and then vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. It is transported through blood circulation by the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) to the liver, the kidney, and the brain, where can be converted in its the active form [1,25(OH)2D3]. In the brain, the biological effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 are largely mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR) through genomic mechanisms, which influence several aspects of serotonin metabolism, such as increasing serotonin synthesis by induction of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene expression; influencing the expression of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and the levels of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), responsible to serotonin catabolism; and indirectly may regulate the synthesis of melatonin that improve the circadian rhythm. This mechanism can be impaired during social isolation and consequent reduction of vitamin D due to low sun exposure during the pandemic, which could contribute to the development of depressive symptoms.

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“…Whereas symptoms of anxiety improved significantly, symptoms of depression did not. 123 However, the findings of this study are difficult to interpret, since information on blinding and placebo use in the control group is not given. The second study was conducted as a randomised controlled trial in 46 Indian patients with major depression and concurrent VIT-D deficiency over 12 weeks.…”

Section: Vitamin D and Serious Mental Disordersmentioning

confidence: 82%

Vitamin D in the time of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic – a clinical review from a public health and public mental health perspective

Werneke

Gaughran

Taylor

2021

Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology

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Individuals with serious mental disorders (SMD) may have a higher risk of vitamin D (VIT-D) deficiency. They also experience higher mortality because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Therefore, we have conducted a comprehensive review to examine the significance of VIT-D for public health and public mental health during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This review had three specific aims, from a global perspective to (a) create a profile of VIT-D and review the epidemiology of VIT-D deficiency, (b) explore VIT-D deficiency as risk factor for SMD and COVID-19 infections and (c) examine the effectiveness of VIT-D supplementation for both conditions. We found that, in terms of SMD, the evidence from laboratory and observational studies points towards some association between VIT-D deficiency and depression or schizophrenia. Mendelian randomisation studies, however, suggest no, or reverse, causality. The evidence from intervention studies is conflicting. Concerning COVID-19 infection, on proof of principle, VIT-D could provide a plausible defence against the infection itself and against an adverse clinical course. But data from observational studies and the first preliminary intervention studies remain conflicting, with stronger evidence that VIT-D may mitigate the clinical course of COVID-19 infection rather than the risk of infection in the first place. From a public health and public mental health point of view, based on the currently limited knowledge, for individuals with SMD, the benefits of VIT-D optimisation through supplementation seem to outweigh the risks. VIT-D supplementation, however, should not substitute for vaccination or medical care for COVID-19 infection.

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Vitamin D supplementation improves anxiety but not depression symptoms in patients with vitamin D deficiency

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 53 publications

References 55 publications

Investigating the Relationship between Vitamin D and Persistent Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Investigating the Relationship between Vitamin D and Persistent Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Vitamin D, Depressive Symptoms, and Covid-19 Pandemic

Vitamin D in the time of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic – a clinical review from a public health and public mental health perspective

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