Vitamin D Rescues Impaired Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Mediated Tumor Necrosis Factor Release in Macrophages of HIV-Seropositive Individuals through an Enhanced Toll-Like Receptor Signaling PathwayIn Vitro

Autophagy in Tuberculosis

“…Of note, lower calcidiol and calcitriol levels also factor in HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfections (Campbell and Spector 2012). Recent studies have indicated a strong synergistic role between calcitriol with IFN-g during induction of autophagy in human macrophages as a contributing mechanism to M. tuberculosis killing (Yuk et al 2009;Shin et al 2010b;Fabri et al 2011a,b;Campbell and Spector 2012;Anandaiah et al 2013;KlugMicu et al 2013). Calcitriol induces autophagy via Ca 2þ and Ca 2þ /calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-b (CaMKKb) (Hoyer-Hansen et al 2007), which in turn activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) (Mihaylova and Shaw 2011).…”

“…Today we recognize that autophagy is widely integrated with immunity starting from cell-autonomous defense against invading bacteria and viruses to regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in general ). The initial observations uncovering the role of autophagy against M. tuberculosis (Gutierrez et al 2004;Singh et al 2006) have been followed by a gradual increase in studies supporting and extending these early findings (Alonso et al 2007;Harris et al 2007;Xu et al 2007;Biswas et al 2008;Jagannath et al 2009;Yuk et al 2009;Ghadimi et al 2010;Kumar et al 2010;Ponpuak et al 2010;Shin et al 2010b;Singh et al 2010;Fabri et al 2011a,b;Campbell and Spector 2012;Juarez et al 2012;Petruccioli et al 2012;Watson et al 2012;Zullo and Lee 2012;Anandaiah et al 2013;Klug-Micu et al 2013;Manzanillo et al 2013). In this article we briefly cover autophagy as a pathway and its broad roles in immunity and summarize what has been learned about autophagy in tuberculosis thus far.…”

CELLULAR IMMUNITY ACTIVATION METHOD BY STIMULATING RD1 COMPLEX PROTEINS AS VIRULENCE MARKER ON Mycobacterium tuberculum TO ESTABLISH DIAGNOSIS ON TUBERCULOSIS AND LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION

“…1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 itself (or combined with IFN-γ and TNF-α) might activate macrophage to inhibit and kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis inside human body. 36 Other potential mechanism associated with macrophage defense response to mycobacterium tuberculosis was apoptosis or "Programmed Cell Death. Lee et al (2009) showed that apoptosis by macrophage might reduce the viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.…”

Innate Immune Modulation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Moving Closer toward Vitamin D Therapy

“…As conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can occur locally in the lungs (Monkawa et al, 2000;Overbergh et al, 2000;Hansdottir et al, 2008;Baeke et al, 2010) and the negative feedback mechanisms to control this conversion appear to be absent in immune cells (Overbergh et al, 2000;Ren et al, 2005), local concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D within the lungs may reach relatively higher levels in the lungs than the levels found in serum. However, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and especially 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were found to be significantly lower in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid compared with serum Anandaiah et al, 2013). It must be noted that concentrations of vitamin D within the BAL fluid may not be representative for the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels within the entire pulmonary system.…”